盐酸及乙酸介质中的碳酸盐岩溶蚀表面特征及机理——以南堡凹陷为例

为了研究酸性条件下碳酸盐岩的溶蚀表面特征及机理,以南堡凹陷及周边凸起区10个典型碳酸盐岩样品为研究对象,进行乙酸和盐酸溶液的溶解实验,并通过扫描电镜观察样品的溶蚀特征。结果显示,岩石结构和矿物成分的选择性溶蚀,是碳酸盐岩溶蚀过程中的主要作用形式;方解石和白云石均存在特有的溶蚀现象,即"溶蚀晶锥"方解石和"蜂窝状"白云石,为晶体选择性溶蚀的产物;表生条件下,灰岩中少量白云石的加入能够增加方解石的溶解度,白云石的含量上限为13%,超过该界限,随白云石含量的增加,溶蚀作用减弱。     

大豆脲酶促沉碳酸钙改良砂土地基承载特性模型试验研究：基于静力触探试验

大豆脲酶促沉碳酸钙（SUICP）是一种新型土体改良技术,碳酸钙充填土内孔隙、胶结土颗粒,必将提高地基承载力。为了定量研究SUICP 灌浆对砂土地基承载力的提高作用,开展了内径38.5 cm、高度100 cm的砂柱模型试验,碳酸钙沉积量为砂土质量的3%,基于静力触探试验对地基承载特性改良效果进行了研究。发现砂土地基SUICP 灌浆处理前的锥尖阻力平均值为0.564 MPa,处理后平均值为0.783 MPa,增加38.9%;侧壁摩阻力处理前平均值为19.08 kPa,处理后平均值为26.92 kPa,增加49.83%;砂土地基承载力处理前平均值为79.02 kPa,处理后平均值为108.64 kPa,增加了45.09%。SUICP灌浆提高地基承载特性的原因包括两个方面,一是碳酸钙将砂土颗粒黏结在一起使得颗粒变大,二是碳酸钙的填充作用使得土体更加密实。通过本研究证实了SUICP灌浆对砂土地基承载力的提高作用,解释了发生机理。研究中也发现砂土地基改良的均匀性并不理想,还要进一步探索其发生机理,并研发更好的灌浆技术提高均匀性。     

高能级强夯法处理深厚吹填砂土地基现场试验

沿海吹填砂土地基地下水位较高、常含软土夹层,地基处理难度大。为了研究高能级强夯在这类吹填砂土地基上的加固效果,在山东沿海某吹填砂土场地开展6 000和8 000 kN·m能级强夯加固试验。试验结束后分别运用标准贯入试验、静力触探试验、平板载荷试验进行现场检测。通过对比分析了设计要求深度范围内标准贯入试验和静力触探试验,发现夯前夯后标准贯入试验击数和静力触探锥尖试验阻力均明显提升,有效消除了饱和砂土和饱和粉土的液化势;通过平板载荷试验p-s曲线及夯后静力触探锥尖阻力标准值与承载力特征值的关系式,得到夯后砂土地基承载力特征值≥120 kPa,验证了高能级强夯方案的可行性。其次,对软土夹层位置和地下水位高度展开研究,发现软土层会阻碍夯击能传递,减小强夯有效加固深度,且软土层位置不同对强夯加固效果影响程度不同,强夯影响临界范围处存在软土层时,有效加固深度为软土层顶部位置处;对砂土地基进行4 000 kN·m能级强夯试验时,发现未降水强夯后有效加固深度为5 m,降水至地面以下3 m强夯后有效加固深度达到了7 m,提高了加固效果。在高能级强夯研究基础上,对现场吹填砂土地基进行了75万m²的大面积高能级强夯施工,发现处理后地基能够满足建筑用地要求。     

CPT-Based estimation of undrained shear strength of fine-grained soils in the Huanghe River Delta

The Huanghe River（Yellow River） Delta has a wide distribution of fine-grained soils. Fluvial alluviation, erosion,and wave loads affect the shoal area, resulting complex physical and mechanical properties to sensitive fine-grained soil located at the river-sea boundary. The cone penetration test（CPT） is a convenient and effective in situ testing method which can accurately identify various soil parameters. Studies on undrained shear strength only roughly determine the fine content（FC） without ma...     

Holocene talus accumulation rates,—and their influence on rock glacier growth. A case study from Igpik,Disko—West Greenland

Frich, Povl and Brandt, Erik: Holocene talus accumulation rates,—and their influence on rock glacier growth. A case study from Igpik, Disko—West Greenland. Geografisk Tidsskrift 85: 32–44 Copenhagen, October 1985.

The Igpik area is located ten km east of Godhavn on the south-coast of the island Disko. Geologically the area is dominated by Tertiary basalt formations.

A general geomorphological classification of this area, which covers approximately three square kms, has been made. Based on radiocarbon ages of former marine levels in the Disko Bugt area, the beginning of talus accumulation has been determined for two talus cones situated on raised beaches. They have ages of 5800 and 7900 ¹⁴C y. B.P. Using theodolite readings, the volumes of three different talus cones have been determined and two average talus accumulation rates have been calculated for the cones located on raised beaches. These values are transformed into an average Holocene rockwall retreat rate of 0.0005 and 0.0015 m/year, respectively. The total volume of two lobate rock glaciers is calculated to be 2.2 mill, cu.m and as they are located inside 9000 years old local moraines, the average Holocene mass-transfer through the third talus cone has been estimated to 1.4 10⁶ tons×m/sq.km/y. Finally the results are discussed, with reference to other areas, and as a possible threshhold for the initiation of rock glaciers.     

内蒙古海拉尔发现陨石坑及科研意义

陨石撞击构造研究是天文地质学研究的热点,但是缺乏典型的研究基地,海拉尔陨石坑的发现,无疑是一个重要补充。海拉尔陨石坑坑区基础岩石为晚侏罗世火山岩,区域自然地理为平缓丘陵山地草原,陨石坑呈封闭圆形,中间筒状突起显示冲击锥地貌,直径320m,坑底到坑缘最大高差10m。为了保护性研究,没有进行进行破坏性取样分析撞击岩石矿物,根据排他比较分析法,认为该坑唯有陨石撞击成因可以解释,并且具有最关键的冲击锥地貌特征。这是一个我国唯一保存完整的可供直观参观的陨石坑,估计该陨石坑年龄应该在100万年以上。     

基于单齿侵入理论的牙轮钻头钻速方程

考虑井底水平地应力、钻井流体压力及地层孔隙压力,基于单齿侵入理论推导单齿侵入井底岩石的侵深公式,建立纯滚动锥形齿、楔形齿和滚动、剪切复合运动锥形齿等牙轮钻头的钻速方程.通过实验分析刃尖角、井底液柱压力对单齿侵入深度的影响,以及转速、轴向载荷对微钻头、牙轮钻头机械钻速的影响.结果表明:随着牙齿刃尖角的增大,锥形齿和楔形齿的侵深呈指数递减趋势;随着井底液柱压力的增大,牙齿侵入深度呈指数递减趋势,其中锥形齿降低速率大.在软到中硬地层中,牙齿侵入深度大,冲击侵入、回转剪切复合破岩方式的破岩效率高;在硬度地层中,牙齿侵入深度小,纯滚动冲击侵入破岩效率高.为分析实钻时牙轮钻头的机械钻速提供计算方法.     

Robust source localization in shallow water based on vector optimization

Owing to the multipath effect, the source localization in shallow water has been an area of active interest. However, most methods for source localization in shallow water are sensitive to the assumed model of the underwater environment and have poor robustness against the underwater channel uncertainty, which limit their further application in practical engineering. In this paper, a new method of source localization in shallow water, based on vector optimization concept, is described, which is highly robust against environmental factors affecting the localization, such as the channel depth, the bottom reflection coefficients, and so on. Through constructing the uncertainty set of the source vector errors and extracting the multi-path sound rays from the sea surface and bottom, the proposed method can accurately localize one or more sources in shallow water dominated by multipath propagation. It turns out that the natural formulation of our approach involves minimization of two quadratic functions subject to infinitely many nonconvex quadratic constraints. It shows that this problem (originally intractable) can be reformulated in a convex form as the so-called second-order cone program (SOCP) and solved efficiently by using the well-established interior point method, such as the software tool, SeDuMi. Computer simulations show better performance of the proposed method as compared with existing algorithms and establish a theoretical foundation for the practical engineering application.     

落锥法确定粉土液限和塑限的试验研究

针对部分细粒土进行了室内落锥法确定液限和塑限的试验研究,试验结果表明：对于一些细粒土在双对数坐标上圆锥下沉深度与含水率之间的关系并非线性关系,无法依据线性关系确定液、塑限;采用规程建议的3个含水率范围有时根本无法获得有效试验数据,采用规程建议的3个含水率范围确定得到粉土的液、塑限试验结果的可靠性有待商榷;采用直线段试验数据确定的液、塑限进行分类可能出现相互矛盾甚至错误的结果。进一步试验结果表明：对于黏粒含量高于13 %的粉土,由于其抗剪强度以凝聚分量为主,落锥法适用,所测塑性指数能够反映其可塑性;对于部分黏粒含量低于13 %的粉土及外观接近粉土的粉砂,由于其抗剪强度以颗粒间摩擦分量为主,落锥法不再适用,所测塑性指数不能反映其可塑性。     

The effect of foundation embedment on inelastic response of structures

In this research, a parametric study is carried out on the effect of soil–structure interaction on the ductility and strength demand of buildings with embedded foundation. Both kinematic interaction (KI) and inertial interaction effects are considered. The sub‐structure method is used in which the structure is modeled by a simplified single degree of freedom system with idealized bilinear behavior. Besides, the soil sub‐structure is considered as a homogeneous half‐space and is modeled by a discrete model based on the concept of cone models. The foundation is modeled as a rigid cylinder embedded in the soil with different embedment ratios. The soil–structure system is then analyzed subjected to a suit of 24 selected accelerograms recorded on alluvium deposits. An extensive parametric study is performed for a wide range of the introduced non‐dimensional key parameters, which control the problem. It is concluded that foundation embedment may increase the structural demands for slender buildings especially for the case of relatively soft soils. However, the increase in ductility demands may not be significant for shallow foundations with embedment depth to radius of foundation ratios up to one. Comparing the results with and without inclusion of KI reveals that the rocking input motion due to KI plays the main role in this phenomenon. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.