用于太阳紫外辐射测量传感器的设计

介绍了太阳紫外辐射的测量原理,为了提高入射光学系统的余弦响应特性而设计的余弦漫射器,以及等效辐射平面位置的计算方法。设计了适用于海滨浴场等场所的太阳紫外线辐射传感器的光学系统结构,研制了试验样机,开展了相应的试验,并对试验结果进行了分析。     

1998-2002年中国地表太阳辐射的时空变化分析

地表太阳辐射是陆气能量交换过程中重要的物理参数和生态参数,利用卫星数据反演地表太阳辐射对于全面认识地表太阳辐射空间差异性和年际变化特征具有重要的意义。本文利用GMS-5静止气象卫星数据反演了中国区域1998-2002年地表太阳辐射值,在此基础上分析了我国地表太阳辐射的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)青藏高原的地表太阳辐射最大,川黔地区最小,都位于北纬22^~35°这一带除川黔地区外,地表太阳辐射从东向西增强,西部随纬度升高而减小,东部以长江流域最小,向南北增加,西南最大,北部次之,至东北地区随纬度升高而减小(2)各月地表太阳辐射量分布复杂,最小值都出现在12月,但最大值出现时间受雨季影响很大,珠江、长江一带主要在雨季过后的7月,华北、东北和青藏高原主要出现在雨季前的6月及5月,西南地区则在季风雨季前的4-5月(3)5年来东部沿海地区地表太阳辐射增加了13.71%(+4.37W/m²·a),西藏高原地区地表太阳辐射减少了9.31%(-3.47W/m²·a),全国地表太阳辐射平均减少了0.84%(-0.27W/m²·a)。     

北极和南极表面温度对中低纬度海洋热强迫的响应

利用耦合了平板海洋模型的全球气候模式进行了大量的格林函数实验,以探究两极地区对于施加在中低纬度海域的热强迫的气候响应。结果表明,北极地区的气候不仅受到距离较近的北太平洋与北大西洋的影响,远离北极的热带太平洋以及南太平洋也对其气候有显著的影响,南极地区的气候则主要是受到邻近的南大洋的影响。通过经验正交函数法的进一步分析发现,北极响应最显著的区域包括波弗特海(Beaufort Sea)、拉普捷夫海(Laptev Sea)以及北极中心区附近;南极地区的响应主要集中在别林斯高晋海(Bellinsgauzen Sea)区域。另外,利用温度归因法对辐射反馈过程和大气能量输运分解发现,北极地区表面温度的响应主要是受到了反照率反馈以及垂直递减率反馈的影响,而南极地区的响应则主要是反照率反馈发挥了作用。     

海洋光合有效辐射分布的计算模式

针对一类海水，采用美国标准大气模型和一类水体海洋生物-光学特性的半分析方法，建立了海洋光合有效辐射计算模式。模式比较全面地考虑了大气、海-气界面和水体的光辐射传输过程，能较好地用于分析叶绿素浓度以及光辐射场的角分布对光俣有效辐射分布的影响。对模拟结果的分析以及与实测结果的比较表明，该模式能较好地应用于计算衰减系数、光谱辐照度随深度的分布、光合有效辐射随深度的分布和真光层深度，在海洋生态系统的光动力学研究和水色遥感方面有效好的应用前景。     

Solving the linearized forward-speed radiation problem using a high-order finite difference method on overlapping grids

The linearized potential flow approximation for the forward speed radiation problem is solved in the time domain using a high-order finite difference method. The finite-difference discretization is developed on overlapping, curvilinear body-fitted grids. To ensure numerical stability, the convective derivatives in the free-surface boundary conditions are treated using an upwind-biased stencil. Instead of solving for the radiation impulse response functions, a pseudo-impulsive Gaussian type displacement is employed in order to tailor the frequency-content to the discrete spatial resolution. Frequency-domain results are then obtained from a Fourier transform of the force and motion signals. In order to make a robust Fourier transform, and capture the response around the critical frequency, the tail of the force signal is asymptotically extrapolated assuming a linear decay rate. Fourth-order convergence of the calculations on simple geometries is demonstrated, along with a nearly linear scaling of the solution effort with increasing grid resolution. The code is validated by comparison with analytical and semi-analytical solutions using submerged and floating closed-form geometries. Calculations are also made for a modern bulk carrier, and good agreement is found with experimental measurements.     

Exact solution and approximate solution of irregular wave radiation stress for non-breaking wave

Wave radiation stress is the main driving force of wave-induced near-shore currents. It is directly related to the hydrodynamic characteristics of near-shore current whether the calculation of wave radiation stress is accurate or not. Irregular waves are more capable of reacting wave motion in the ocean compared to regular waves.Therefore, the calculation of the radiation stress under irregular waves will be more able to reflect the wave driving force in the actual near-shore current. Exact solution and approximate solution of the irregular wave radiation stress are derived in this paper and the two kinds of calculation methods are compared. On the basis of this, the experimental results are used to further verify the calculation of wave energy in the approximate calculation method. The results show that the approximate calculation method of irregular wave radiation stress has a good accuracy under the condition of narrow-band spectrum, which can save a lot of computing time, and thus improve the efficiency of calculation. However, the exact calculation method can more accurately reflect the fluctuation of radiation stress at each moment and each location.     

Radiation pressure — a stabilizing agent of dust clouds in comets?

The internal dynamics of an illuminated dust cloud of finite optical thickness is investigated. The dependence of the radiation pressure on the optical depth makes the individual particles oscillate, in one dimension, around the accelerated centre of gravity of the cloud. The cloud moves as an entity, irrespectively of the velocity dispersion of the particles and their efficiency for radiation pressure. If the optical depth does not change, i.e. if the cloud does not expand laterally, its lifetime is unlimited. A contraction caused by energy dissipation in mechanical collissions between the dust particles is expected. The range of particle sizes which can be transported by such a “coherent cloud” is estimated, as well as the acceleration of the whole cloud. The structure of the cloud in real space and in velocity space is investigated. A comparison with the “striae” observed in the dust tails of great comets shows that the parent clouds of these striae may have been of the kind considered.     

中国太阳能热发电站选址模型研究

太阳能热发电技术在我国新世纪能源战略中具有重要地位,太阳能热发电电站位置的合理选择对发电成本有直接影响,涉及到太阳能热发电技术本身、高时空分辨率的太阳能法直辐射分布、土地利用分布、水资源分布、社会经济分布,以及政策税收等众多因素。本文提出了一个太阳能热发电站选址的决策支持系统框架,就其中的太阳能直法辐射调查进行了初步试验。本文依据供需时空平衡原则进一步讨论了多种绿色能源互补的大能源系统运筹问题。     

位场曲化平的插值-迭代法

将起伏曲面B上的位场向下延拓至曲面最低点的平面A的插值-迭代法步骤是：1）将曲面B上的场值放置在水平面A上具有相同水平坐标的点上,作为A上的初值;2）用若干水平面切割B,从A的初值,用快速傅里叶变换法(FFT)向上延拓出这些平面的场值,用插值的方法从这些平面的场值计算曲面B的场值;3）根据B上的实测值与计算值的差值,对A上的值进行加权改正;4）重复步骤2）和3）,直到B上的差值小到可以忽略.这种插值-迭代法具有高的计算速度,比通常的FFT法延拓得更深,可以超过10倍点距.文中给出计算实例.     

一种研究城市化发展的新方法

以南京市1988年TM影像为信息源,组合影像4、5波段得到建筑用地指数(NDBI),采用决策树分类方法对NDBI进行修正,分类提取建筑用地;对照TM影像修改误分的地块后转化为栅格数据,生成50×50个像元大小的格网,统计每个格网单元内的建筑用地率,将该值赋给各个格网单元的几何中心点;采用距离倒数方法由点数据插值得出整个影像范围内的建筑用地区域分异情况,进而反映出不同建筑用地率的辐射影响范围。该方法可定量提取不同建筑用地率的辐射边界,有助于根据单张影像数据分析城市的扩张趋势,可在一定程度上预测城市的发展;对于需要跨江发展的城市(如南京),该方法可以辅助桥梁等过江通道的选址。