南沙群岛密斑马面鲀群体遗传多样性分析

密斑马面鲀Thamnaconustessellatus是在我国南海海域较为常见的一种马面鲀属鱼类。本研究基于线粒体DNA控制区序列对南沙群岛密斑马面鲀3个群体的遗传结构及其遗传多样性进行了分析。研究结果显示,密斑马面鲀的控制区序列变异程度较大,86尾个体序列的变异位点数为38个,共定义了28个单倍型;3个密斑马面鲀群体的单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度均较高,且相差不大;密斑马面鲀群体间未检测到显著的群体遗传结构,分子方差分析表明,99.67%的遗传差异来自于群体内,群体间遗传差异仅为0.33%。贝叶斯树和最大似然树均显示出密斑马面鲀单倍型间松散的分布,未检测到显著的谱系结构。群体历史动态分析结果表明密斑马面鲀的群体经历了更新世的群体扩张事件。     

基于Argus图像的舟山东沙海滩对连续风暴的响应研究

海滩对风暴的响应是一个复杂的过程,尤其在连续风暴发生时。本研究利用Argus视频监测系统拍摄的连续图像,从海滩地貌、剖面、海滩滨线、海滩宽度等方面,定量分析了舟山东沙海滩对连续风暴"马勒卡"和"暹芭"的响应特征,并初步探讨了影响海滩地形地貌变化对连续风暴响应的因素。结果表明:(1)风暴"马勒卡"发生后海滩单宽体积变化量平均值为?73.75m3/m,风暴"暹芭"发生后海滩单宽体积变化量的平均值为?54.56m3/m,风暴"马勒卡"使整个海滩滨线平均后退14.75m,风暴"暹芭"使得海滩滨线相对于两次风暴前后退10.91m;(2)在海滩自身因素、外部动力因素以及人类活动等共同作用下海滩对连续风暴产生了复杂的响应。     

Linked Boundary Functions: Examining the Role of ‘Research for Development’ Organizations in Integrating Levels of Resource Governance

Natural resource management practices such as community-based resource management (CBRM) are well-established bottom-up approaches to developing adaptive governance systems. Less is understood about how communities involved in such processes can attract top-down support without compromising their credibility or salience. We tested the usefulness of the linked boundary functions concept – boundary chains – for explaining the role of “research for development” (R4D) organizations in the integration of bottom-up community resource governance and top-down policy and legislative governance. We used the Australian Centre for Agricultural Research (ACIAR) in the Solomon Islands as a case study to probe the role of R4D organizations in this regard. The linked boundary functions concept proved useful in exploring the active functions of R4D organizations as actors that lend credibility, salience, and legitimacy to community-based governance initiatives. The concept of linked boundary functions or boundary chains can contribute to the current discussion in the complexity-aware theory of change and open new avenues for boundary management that enable the development of integrated resource governance in complex development contexts. This article contributes to the existing literature on the boundary spanning activities of R4D organizations.     

南海北部珊瑚生长率对4.2 ka气候事件的记录

The 4.2 ka event that occurred during the period from 4 500–3 900 a BP was characterized by cold and dry climates and resulted in the collapse of civilizations around the world. The cause of this climatic event, however, has been under debate. We collected four corals(Porites lutea) from Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands, South China Sea, dated them with the U-series method, and measured the annual coral growth rates using X-ray technology. The dating results showed that the coral growth ages were from 4 500–3 900 a BP, which coincide well with the period of the4.2 ka event. We then reconstructed annual sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) variations based on the coral growth rates. The growth rate-based SSTA results showed that the interdecadal SSTA from 4 500–3 900 a BP was lower than that during modern times(1961–2008 AD). A spectral analysis showed that the SSTA variations from4 500–3 900 a BP were under the influence of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) activities. From 4 500–4 100 a BP, the climate exhibited La Ni?a-like conditions with weak ENSO intensity and relatively stable and lower SSTA amplitudes. From 4 100–3 900 a BP, the climate underwent a complicated period of ENSO variability and showed alternating El Ni?o-or La Ni?a-like conditions at interdecadal time scales and large SSTA amplitudes. We speculate that during the early and middle stages of the 4.2 ka event, the cold climate caused by weak ENSO activities largely weakened social productivity. Then, during the end stages of the 4.2 ka event, the repeated fluctuations in the ENSO intensity caused frequent extreme weather events, resulting in the collapse of civilizations worldwide. Thus, the new evidence obtained from our coral records suggests that the 4.2 ka event as well as the related collapse of civilizations were very likely driven by ENSO variability.     

南海北部陆坡中尺度涡的演化及传播规律分析

The continental slope in the northern South China Sea(SCS) is rich in mesoscale eddies which play an important role in transport and retention of nutrients and biota. In this study, we investigate the statistical properties of eddy distributions and propagation in a period of 24 years between 1993 and 2016 by using the altimeter data. A total of 147 eddies are found in the continental slope region(CSR), including 70 cyclonic eddies(CEs) and 77 anticyclonic eddies(ACEs). For those eddies that appear in the CSR, the surrounding areas of Dongsha Islands(DS) and southwest of Taiwan(SWT) are considered as the primary sources, where eddies generated contribute more than 60% of the total. According to the spatial distribution of eddy relative vorticity, eddies are weakening as propagating westward. Although both CEs and ACEs roughly propagate along the slope isobaths, there are discrepancies between CEs and ACEs. The ACEs move slightly faster in the zonal direction, while the CEs tend to cross the isobaths with large bottom depth change. The ACEs generally move further into the basin areas after leaving the CSR while CEs remain around the CSR. The eddy propagation on the continental slope is likely to be associated with mean flow at a certain degree because the eddy trajectories have notable seasonal signals that are consistent with the seasonal cycle of geostrophic current. The results indicate that the eddy translation speed is statistically consistent with geostrophic velocity in both magnitude and direction.     

基于高分遥感的西沙群岛典型海岛时空变化分析

高分辨率卫星遥感技术已成为有效监测海岛动态变化的主要手段。本文以西沙群岛社区驻地海岛、领海基点所在海岛和自然保护区所在海岛为研究对象,利用 2005 年以来的高分辨率卫星遥感影像,分析了各类海岛的时空变化情况。结果表明：社区驻地海岛变化普遍较大,特别是永兴岛、赵述岛、筐仔沙洲和银屿,主要都是由于吹沙填岛和岛上开发利用活动日益增多造成的,变化主要发生在 2012 年三沙市成立之后;领海基点所在海岛和自然保护区所在海岛相对较稳定,岛上地形、地貌及植被等基本保持原有的自然状态,变化区域主要分布在各个海岛的端头,主要是由自然因素导致的。海滩岩对海岛起到了极大的保护作用,海滩岩发育好的海岛基本保持稳定状态,而没有海滩岩发育或海滩岩被破坏的海岛则变化较大。     

福建省台山列岛周边海域的渔业资源群落结构特征

根据2012年5月（春季）、8月（夏季）、11月（秋季）和2013年2月（冬季）在台山列岛的拖网定点调查数据,对该海域渔业资源种类组成、优势种、物种多样性、资源密度（质量及数量密度）的空间分布及其季节变化等群落结构特征进行分析研究。结果表明,共记录台山列岛渔业生物136种,隶属于18目63科98属,其中鱼类80种,虾类16种,蟹类28种,口足类3种,头足类9种;优势种共有22种,口虾蛄（Oratosquilla oratoria）是唯一四季共同的优势种;Shannon Wiener种类多样性指数（H′）全年平均值为2.88（范围：2.80～2.95）,Pielou均匀度指数（J′）全年平均值为0.69（范围：0.65～0.72）,Margalef丰富度指数（D）全年平均值为6.99（范围：5.76～7.69）,夏季群落多样性较高;从渔业资源质量平均密度看,春、夏季最大值都出现在05站点,分别为640.70 kg/km²和1 039.31 kg/km²,秋季最大值出现在03站点,为1 187.48 kg/km²,冬季最大值出现在04站点,为683.24 kg/km²,从渔业资源数量平均密度看,春、夏季最大值都出现在05站点,分别为170.68×10³尾/km²和123.69×10³尾/km²,秋季最大值出现在01站点,为119.71×10³尾/km²,冬季最大值出现在04站点,为133.27×10³尾/km²。总体来说,台山列岛周边海域渔业资源物种较多,种间分布均匀,群落结构稳定。     

南沙群岛海区NS97-13柱样沉积物磁化率各向异性研究

通过南海南沙群岛海区NS97-13柱样磁化率各向异性系统测试、统计计算和测年等分析,给出了沉积物的磁化率椭球几何形态,重建了研究海区的古水流方向、沉积物的沉积形式。研究结果表明:(1)压扁型椭球(E>1)的择优方向位于磁性线理-磁性叶理直线的上方,夹角β的范围为0°<β≤33.14°,拉长型椭球(E<1)的择优方向位于磁性线理-磁性叶理直线的下方,夹角α的范围为33.14°<α<56.86°,指示磁性颗粒沉降时受动力作用的大小及其受力方向不同;(2)由磁化率各向异性参数(磁性线理-各向异性度,磁性叶理-各向异性度)确定的沉积物有改造沉积、再沉积和稳定沉积三种形式,前两种形式掺杂在稳定沉积层中的不同部位,构成部分混合沉积;(3)最大磁化率和中间磁化率的轴向分布表征研究海区距今近62 ka以来古水流方向主要为南北和北东-南西向,总磁化率记录了Heinrich层中的冷事件H1—H6。