四川盆地西部中二叠统白云岩/石的主要结构类型——兼论其与川东北上二叠统—三叠系白云岩/石的差异

白云岩/石的结构在白云岩成因研究中具有重要意义。四川盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组的白云岩具有与盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组-三叠系不同的结构:盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组除存在一部分斑状晶白云岩以外,总体上缺乏原始结构保存的白云岩,白云石具有特征的非平直晶面他形晶和鞍形晶,且晶体较大;盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组-三叠系非常发育原始结构保存的白云岩,结晶白云岩也以晶体较小的平直晶面自形晶-半自形晶为主。对碳酸盐岩中白云石含量的分布模式而言,盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组出现频率最高的是白云石含量40%~60%的过渡岩石类型,这是一种非经典的分布模式,而盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组-三叠系则缺乏这样的过渡岩石类型,出现频率最高的是白云石含量大于90%和小于10%的端元岩石类型,这是一种经典的分布模式。白云岩/石的结构特征的差异反映盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组白云岩较高的结晶温度、较低的流体Mg/Ca比值、较短的白云化作用持续时间和不彻底的回头白云化作用;盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组-三叠系则主要是相对低温的,高Mg/Ca比值海源流体的彻底白云化作用。     

白云鄂博矿床成因的Mg同位素制约

白云鄂博Fe-REE-Nb矿床是世界著名的巨型多金属矿床,它的成因一直是个激烈争论的问题。近年来Mg同位素研究快速发展,在示踪幔源火成碳酸岩和沉积碳酸盐岩方面显示出一定的潜力,为白云鄂博矿床成因问题的究提供了新的途径。对白云鄂博矿床H8白云岩、碳酸岩墙白云岩,以及中元古代沉积白云岩,腮林忽洞微晶丘白云岩的Mg同位素进行了对比研究。研究结果表明:碳酸岩墙样品的δ26Mg-DSM3变化范围为-0.34‰～-0.14‰,平均值-0.24‰,落在地幔岩端元;中元古代沉积白云岩的δ26MgDSM3为-1.81‰～-1.53‰;H8白云岩的δ26MgDSM3变化范围为-1.13‰～-0.10‰,平均值-0.53‰,部分落在地幔岩范围,部分落在地幔岩和沉积白云岩之间;而腮林忽洞微晶丘白云岩的δ26MgDSM3最轻,为-1.99‰～-1.93‰。白云鄂博矿床赋矿白云岩的Mg同位素组成特征不支持正常白云岩沉积成因和微晶丘成因观点,更倾向于火成碳酸浆成因观点。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系颗粒滩白云岩储层特征及主控因素

基于岩心观察、薄片鉴定、物性分析和地球化学分析,结合岩相古地理研究,认为鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系盐下发育三套颗粒滩白云岩储层,分别为下奥陶统马家沟组马二段、马四段和马五_(7+9)亚段。马二段颗粒滩环台内洼地分布,马四段和马五_(7+9)亚段颗粒滩环台内洼地以及滩间次级洼地两侧的相对隆起带分布。白云岩储集空间类型主要为粒间孔、晶间(溶)孔、溶蚀孔洞和裂缝。三维CT分析表明,白云岩储层具有优良的储渗性能。颗粒滩白云岩主要为浅埋藏蒸发海水渗透回流交代成因。白云岩储层的发育主要受控于三个因素:层序格架控制的颗粒滩分布,表生岩溶作用,构造裂缝系统。     

An experimental study of dissolution kinetics of Calcite, Dolomite, Leucogranite and Gneiss in buffered solutions at temperature 25 and 5°C

Laboratory experiments were carried out continuously for 30–35 days at 25 and 5°C in three different buffer solutions of pH 4.0, 2.2 and 8.4 to calculate dissolution rates of two minerals, calcite (CC) and dolomite (DM) and two rocks, leucogranite (LG) and gneiss (GN) from the Himalayan range. Calculated rates in terms of release of targeted elements versus time (Ca for CC; Mg for DM; Si for LG and GN) demonstrate direct correlation with temperature. Dissolution rates are higher at 25°C compared to 5°C. CC and DM were experimented only at pH 8.4 and results show that both undergo congruent dissolution with CC dissolving ∼5 times faster than DM. Ca and Mg exhibit average apparent activation energies (E _a) of 13.98 and 9.98 kcal mol⁻¹ respectively at pH 8.4 which reflects greater sensitivity of CC dissolution than DM dissolution towards an increase in temperature. Scanning Electron Microscope attached with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analyser (SEM-EDX) data indicates that dissolution is controlled primarily by surface-reaction processes, with dislocation sites contributing maximum to the dissolution. As compared to CC and DM dissolution, LG and GN undergo relatively slower incongruent dissolution with precipitation of some secondary minerals as revealed from X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results. Rates of dissolution of LG is maximum at pH 2.2, moderate at pH 8.4 and least at pH 4.0, whereas GN shows maximum dissolution at pH 2.2, moderate at pH 4.0 and least at pH 8.4. A comparison in dissolution behavior of LG and GN at experimental conditions reveals that increase in Si-release rate in the temperature range between 5 and 25°C is maximum at pH 8.4 (∼3.4–4.5 times), moderate at pH 4.0 (∼3–1.8 times) and least at pH 2.2 (∼1.0–1.5 times). Within the experimental temperature range, calculated values of E _a for Si release during LG and GN dissolution advocates positive correlation with pH. A substantial decrease in initial values of Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of DM, LG, and GN has been encountered at the end of the experiment, except for CC for which an increase is observed. The study clearly demonstrates the dissolution behavior of pure minerals and rocks under controlled conditions. The dissolution rates assume enormous significance for the release of trace elements from rocks/minerals to the reacting water.     

热流体对深埋白云岩储集性影响及其油气勘探意义——塔里木盆地柯坪露头区研究

深埋条件下白云岩能否形成有效储层是塔里木盆地深层油气勘探面临的主要挑战之一,塔深1井大于8000m深度白云岩岩芯仍具有多孔洞带发育,并具有形成储层的孔渗性,揭示了深部白云岩有效储层的存在。研究证实,该类孔洞的形成与热流体活动相关,但其在地层中分布的特征和广泛性有待揭示。通过野外露头观察及室内测试分析,在柯坪地区经历过深埋条件的上震旦统-下奥陶统白云岩中发现了与塔深1井相似的溶蚀孔洞的普遍存在现象。孔洞内充填的石英、自形白云石以及方解石矿物原生盐水溶液包裹体均一温度依次可达到368℃、314℃和303℃,远高于相应地层最大埋深(约6000m)条件下推测的正常地层温度范围(120~240℃),盐度分布范围依次为3.39%~9.86% NaCleqv、1.05%~18.13% NaCleqv和4.34%~9.98% NaCleqv。同时,研究也发现了黄铁矿、萤石、重晶石、石英、菱铁矿、毒砂和鞍形白云石等热流体相关矿物组合,并在相应流体包裹体内发现了CO₂、H₂S和烃类气体等对白云岩具有溶蚀性的气体存在。综合以上测试成果,证实柯坪露头区白云岩地层内存在大规模的异常热流体活动,推断可能与盆地深部大规模岩浆热事件相关。研究揭示热流体活动产生了顺层溶蚀、冷缩裂缝、差异性溶蚀以及热流体再作用的大型溶塌等多种孔隙空间结构,孔隙类型主要为缝-洞复合型。揭示热流体溶蚀改造作用主要受构造裂缝和地层界面等因素控制,其对白云岩地层孔隙空间的改造主要表现为建设性与破坏性共存,研究区则以建设性为主。     

塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组白云岩储层特征及成因

利用钻遇肖尔布拉克组的13口井和2条露头剖面的资料,分析了白云岩储层的宏观和微观特征,认为塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组主要发育9类岩性,孔隙的发育具有明显的岩相选择性,指出粉—细晶白云岩、砂屑白云岩、藻格架白云岩、泡沫绵层石白云岩、叠层石白云岩、凝块石白云岩和粘结(颗粒)白云岩是储层的主要载体。通过岩石学特征、多参数地球化学特征分析,结合地质背景,研究了肖尔布拉克组白云岩储层的成岩作用序列和孔隙演化史,明确了高能丘滩相的多孔沉积物是储层发育的物质基础,早表生期大气淡水溶蚀作用是储层形成的关键,埋藏(热液)溶蚀作用使储层得到了改善。     

Hazard and risk assessment for sinkhole formation on dolomite land in South Africa

 A method is proposed to assess the risk for sinkhole formation in dolomitic areas where changes in land use are envisaged. Data from geotechnical site investigations are used for the zoning and characterization of sites in terms of the hazard (maximum size of sinkhole that can form), while the inherent risk for this hazard to occur is assessed by assuming that the site may be developed or treated incorrectly (abused). By considering both the hazard and the inherent risk, it is possible to select appropriate types of development and precautionary measures to reduce the final (development) risk to an acceptable level. Received: 15 September 1996 · Accepted: 12 May 1998     

内蒙古白云鄂博REE-Nb-Fe矿床成因问题研究

白云鄂博REE-Nb-Fe矿床是世界上已知的最大的稀土矿床,稀土储量48 Mt（6wt% RE2O3）,该矿床的成因和成矿年龄至今存在较大争议。本文观察白云鄂博矿床岩相学、矿物学特征,通过激光拉曼等技术鉴定重要的稀土矿物,电子探针测出白云鄂博矿床单矿物化学成分,结合前人同位素年代学数据,进一步探讨白云鄂博矿床的成因机制。     

Effectiveness of various dispersed alkaline substrates for the pre-treatment of ferriferous acid mine drainage

Dispersed alkaline substrates (DAS) have been successfully used in passive treatment of highly contaminated acid mine drainage (AMD) to limit coating and clogging issues. However, further optimization of DAS systems is still needed, especially for their long-term efficiency during the treatment of ferriferous AMD. In the present study, three types of DAS comprised of natural alkaline materials (wood ash, calcite, dolomite), in different proportions (20%v/v, 50%v/v, 80%v/v), and a substrate with high surface area (wood chips) were tested in 9 batch reactors. The testing was carried out, in duplicate, for a period of 91 days, to evaluate the comparative performance of the mixtures for iron pre-treatment in ferriferous AMD (2500 mg/L Fe, at pH 4). Results showed increasing of pH (between 4.15 and 7.12), regardless of the proportion of alkaline materials in the DAS mixtures. Among the tested mixtures, wood ash type DAS were more effective for Fe removal (99.9%) than calcite or dolomite type DAS (up to 66%). All tested DAS had limited efficiency for sulfate removal and an additional treatment unit, such as a sulfate-reducing biochemical reactor, is needed. Moreover, due to the similar performances of the calcite and dolomite DAS, they could be potentially substituted and rather be used in a polishing treatment unit. Based on these findings, the most promising mixture was the 50% wood ash type DAS (WA50-DAS).     

羌塘盆地中央隆起带南侧隆额尼-昂达尔错古油藏白云岩地球化学特征及成因意义

以系统的岩石学及沉积相分析为基础,深入探讨了隆额尼-昂迭尔错古油藏白云岩及其伴生灰岩的地球化学特征,认为该区白云岩化作用主要集中在古地理相对高点的潮上高能带、潮坪环境及台地边缘藻丘礁三个沉积相带内,白云岩及伴生灰岩在地球化学特征方面表现出近岸及淡水作用的深刻影响,和前人关于混合水白云岩化作用气候和古地理条件的基本论断是一致的.淡水作用依据主要体现在:①白云岩及伴生灰岩中不溶残渣特征表现为潮湿的古气候环境;②与白云岩伴生灰岩中Sr、Na含量与美国密苏里、田纳西等地淡水成因灰岩Sr、Na含量十分相近;③灰岩及白云岩中微量元素B含量及Sr/Ba指数、Sr/Ca指数,常量元素中m、Fe/Mn指数均反映出该区碳酸盐岩形成于近岸的碳酸盐台地环境,灰岩及白云岩均曾受到淡水的深刻作用和影响.该区白云岩过程中除Sr有明显的带出现象,Na、K有明显带入现象,大部分元素仍保存了其原始的组成特点.