Characteristics of Carbonate Reservoir and Its Forming Conditions in Continental Lake Basin of China

For decades of exploration, geologists have made great achievements in the exploration of lacustrine carbonate rocks. By dissecting four typical cases of lacustrine carbonate rocks, such as Lucaogou Formation of Permian in Junggar Basin, Da'anzhai Section of Jurassic in Sichuan Basin, Cretaceous in Yin'e Basin and Oligocene in Qaidam Basin, the reservoir characteristics, hydrocarbon generating capacity and reservoir forming model of source rocks were analyzed. The results show that: \mathrm{①} Lacustrine carbonate reservoirs are generally dense, with nano-micron reservoir space as the main reservoir space, including dolomite intergranular pore, organism cavity and accumulation pore, micro-fracture system and its corrosion expansion pore. Saline environment is beneficial to dolomitization and can improve the reservoir capacity of lacustrine carbonate rocks, but most of the permeability is less than 0.1 mD. \mathrm{②} Lacustrine carbonate rocks have not only reservoir capacity, but also can be used as source rocks. The abundance of organic matter is not high and the maturity is generally low. However, dispersed soluble organic matter in source rocks can generate and expel hydrocarbons in large quantities at low maturity stage, which has high liquid hydrocarbon yield. \mathrm{③} Oil and gas reservoirs are characterized by "high initial production, large reduction of production and long-term low and stable production", and are typical "fracture-pore" reservoirs. Fracture networks provide migration pathways in the process of primary migration and accumulation of oil and gas in geological history and oil and gas exploitation nowadays. \mathrm{④} Oil and gas reservoirs are "continuous" unconventional reservoirs, which often form regional oil and gas field groups together with conventional reservoirs in adjacent areas. The research results lay a theoretical foundation for re-evaluating the exploration potential of lacustrine carbonate rocks.     

塔里木盆地构造热液白云岩及其储层意义

野外露头和岩心资料表明,塔里木盆地下古生界广泛分布与构造活动有关的热液白云岩化作用。这种构造热液白云岩化作用有其特有的岩石学特征和地球化学特征,以鞍形白云石和自形白云石为标志,多表现为裂缝和孔洞填隙物,具有粗晶结构;流体包裹体具有较高的均一温度和盐度,地球化学上具有较轻的碳氧同位素值,与围岩(白云岩)有一定范围的重叠;锶同位素放射性不明显,表现出亲源性特征。塔里木盆地下古生界构造热液白云岩与西加盆地泥盆系热液白云岩区别明显。塔里木盆地二叠纪广泛发育的岩浆热事件可能是构造热液白云岩的主要成因。与构造热液白云岩有关的储层多是优质储层,其分布与断裂、不整合密切相关,是油气勘探的有利目标。     

白云石半焙烧物中游离氧化钙的测定

介绍了一种测定白云石半焙烧产物中游离氧化钙的方法,采用氯化镁溶液将氧化钙浸取为可溶性钙盐,进而用EDTA标准溶液滴定。该方法不同于传统的测定方法,其操作简单,分析快速,测定准确时间短,结果重现性好,适合白云石焙烧控制分析。     

Subsurface grout barriers for ground stabilization in dolomite areas near Carletonville, South Africa

 Artificial lowering of the groundwater level in dolomitic aquifers of the Far West Rand gold mining area has led to the formation of hundreds of sinkholes and subsidences. Where ground movements develop in or around important structures, it has become standard practice to drill boreholes for exploration and to inject mine tailings (slimes), cement and water to fill cavernous zones and arrest further ground movements. Although this method of grouting has mostly been effective, some boreholes accepted such large quantities of grout that the operation became prohibitively expensive. This paper describes an experiment to construct subsurface barriers by pouring wet (high slump) concrete via closely-spaced lines of boreholes into cavernous zones beneath a depression on a provincial road. The barriers required a small quantity of concrete and the zone between barriers was quickly filled by grout. The lack of further ground movements confirmed the success of the project. Received: 22 May 2000 · Accepted: 18 July 2000     

Microstructural evolution during strain localization in dolomite aggregates

Dolomite aggregates deformed by dislocation creep over a wide range of conditions (T = 700–1000 °C, effective pressure of 900 MPa, strain rates of 10⁻⁷ – 10⁻⁴/s) strain weaken by up to 75% of the peak differential stress. Microstructural study of samples shortened to different finite strains beyond the peak differential stress shows that strain becomes highly localized within shear zones by high-temperature creep processes, with no contribution of brittle cracking. At low strains (8%), dolomite deforms homogeneously by recrystallization-accommodated dislocation creep. At progressively higher sample strains, deformation is localized into narrow shear zones made up of very fine (∼3 μm) recrystallized grains and relict porphyroclasts (20–100 μm). Finely-recrystallized dolomite grains in the shear zones are largely dislocation free and localized shear is facilitated by diffusion creep. In contrast, original dolomite grains and porphyroclasts in shear zones have high dislocation densities and do not deform after shear zone formation. Calculated strain rates in the shear zones are two to three orders of magnitude faster than the imposed bulk strain rate of the samples and these strain rates are consistent with predictions of the diffusion creep flow law for fine-grained dolomite.     

四川盆地中二叠统栖霞组滩相白云岩多重成因机理及叠加效应

本文以四川盆地二叠系栖霞组滩相白云岩为研究对象,充分利用野外剖面资料、钻井资料、测试分析资料,对栖霞组滩相白云岩成因机理及其叠加效应进行了深入研究。结果表明,四川盆地栖霞组白云岩的规模变化较大,从不到1米至几十米不等,区域上主要分布于盆地西部,盆内其它地区零星发育。白云岩的发育与沉积背景关系密切,其中分布于盆地西部的白云岩为台地边缘滩相沉积背景,而盆地内零星分布主要为台内滩沉积背景。栖霞组白云岩成因包括三种类型:(1)高能滩混合水白云岩化形成的白云岩;(2)埋藏白云岩化形成的白云岩;(3)热液白云岩化形成的白云岩。其中,高能滩混合水白云岩化形和热液白云岩化为主要的白云岩化作用。现今无论是在野外剖面还是钻井岩心中所看到的白云岩为多种白云岩化作用的叠加结果,叠加效应体现在白云石晶体形态上、碳氧同位素和包裹体温度上。在白云岩形成过程中,滩相沉积是白云岩化的基础;不同类型的白云岩化作用是关键;裂缝的发育为白云岩化创造了条件。     

西秦岭甘南早子沟金锑矿床白云石Sm-Nd同位素地球化学及其意义

西秦岭造山带广泛发育脉状金锑矿化,但其成矿时代和成矿物质来源仍存在争议,影响了对该区矿床成因的深入认识。甘南早子沟超大型金锑矿床位于西秦岭造山带,矿体赋存于三叠系古浪堤组板岩和中酸性侵入岩内,包括蚀变岩型矿化和脉状矿化两种样式,是研究脉状金锑矿化成矿年代学和成矿物质来源的理想选区。本研究选择早子沟金锑矿床脉状矿化中与辉锑矿、金密切共生的白云石为研究对象,系统分析了其Sm、Nd同位素组成。结果表明,早子沟金锑矿床脉状矿化白云石Sm含量为0. 3221×10~(-6)～4. 918×10~(-6),Nd含量为0. 5667×10~(-6)～22. 76×10~(-6)。147Sm/144Nd和143Nd/144Nd分别为0. 1306～0. 2891和0. 511847～0. 512141,Sm-Nd假等时线年龄为282. 5±5. 1Ma。白云石εNd(0)为-15. 42～-9. 70,εNd(t)为-13. 66～-12. 19,tDM2为2. 03～2. 10Ga,变化范围相对较窄,表明样品源区相同。εNd(t)值与秦岭及其周边地区对比显示,早子沟金锑矿床成矿流体与英安斑岩围岩具有相同的Nd源区,可能来源于扬子板块北缘或南秦岭的古元古代结晶基底。白云石Sm/Nd分馏很弱且成矿流体混染了古元古代结晶基底物质可能是Sm-Nd假等时线产生的原因。这表明白云石Sm-Nd同位素体系可能无法为西秦岭广泛发育的脉状(金)锑矿床提供正确年代学信息。     

Mineral carbon MinC(%) from Rock-Eval analysis as a reliable and cost-effective measurement of carbonate contents in shale source and reservoir rocks

The abundance of carbonate minerals in rocks is an important element for petroleum geochemists, geologists and engineers to consider during hydrocarbon exploration and production. Carbonate minerals can be related to the depositional environments of the source rocks and hence the type of organic matter that can be subsequently modified through diagenetic processes. The total carbonate content in shales can also be used to deduce their fracability as reservoir rock for shale gas/oil extraction. At present, mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is the most widely used technique in the oil and gas-related petrophysical and geochemical laboratories for identifying and quantifying carbonate minerals in rock samples. In contrast, the use of the total mineral carbon content parameter MinC (%) from Rock-Eval analysis has been limited despite (1) the parameter's effectiveness as demonstrated through instrument and methodology development; and (2) the presence of a large volume of Rock-Eval results due to its widespread use in the oil and gas industry.In this study, we acquired XRD and Rock-Eval analytical results on over nine hundred rock samples ranging from Ordovician to Cretaceous age from four petroleum sedimentary basins in Canada. Least-squares regression analyses produce empirical equations with R² values greater than 0.92 for the correlations between XRD total carbonate contents and the Rock-Eval MinC (%) values of six different suites of samples. This indicates that the MinC (%) values generated by Rock-Eval 6 and other instruments of similar capability can be used with confidence for estimating the amounts of total carbonates in sedimentary rock samples. While the correlation between the two types of carbonate content measurements is geology-specific, a global linear regression model (R² of 0.97) based on the large combined data set has been proposed for approximating the total carbonate abundances based on Rock-Eval MinC (%) values.     

川西北部泥盆系观雾山组沉积相新认识——以大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面为例

川西泥盆系观雾山组沉积相研究缺乏横向对比,沉积模式还存在争议。根据川西北部白家乡大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面实测成果,对中泥盆统观雾山组沉积相进行了分析,认为:大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面观雾山组为碳酸盐镶边台地沉积,期间发生短暂的碳酸盐缓坡化;桂溪剖面观雾山组同属碳酸盐台地边缘,观雾山组中段发育开阔台地深水沉积,并不是前人认为的潟湖沉积。研究区碳酸盐镶边台地包括台地边缘和前缘斜坡两种亚相,前缘斜坡亚相发育于何家梁剖面,以塌积岩沉积为标志。碳酸盐缓坡包括深水缓坡和浅水缓坡两种亚相。随着海平面变化,观雾山组碳酸盐岩发育三个沉积旋回,第一、第三沉积旋回为镶边台地沉积,第二沉积旋回为碳酸盐缓坡沉积。观雾山组沉积微相对储层的分布起控制作用:生物碎屑滩和上斜坡微相为有利储层发育相带;生物礁中在油气运移之前形成的溶蚀孔洞已被白云石和方解石充填,滩间微相泥质(泥晶)白云岩不利于溶蚀孔洞形成,这二者均不是有利储层发育相带。