过去20年矿床事业发展的概略回顾

文章概略回顾了过去20年在找矿和成矿理论研究方面获得的若干重要成就。指出这一阶段虽在一些国家存在矿业不景气，但找矿进展，特别是金、铜矿床、仍很出色。矿业中国都强调了超大型矿床的重要性。在成矿理论方面，主要就多样复杂的海底成矿，三大巨型成矿域，成矿模式，中酸性岩浆岩及有关成矿作用，层控矿床，同位素、微量元素及气液包裹体运用于成矿等问题的研究历史作了回顾。     

浅析小秦岭西段驾鹿金矿田构造与金成矿的关系

本文在研究构造与金成矿的地质关系的基础上，从不同方向断裂充填物的微量元素的分 布特征、地质产状、粒度不同的黄铁矿中金的分布特征、不同期次的断裂充填物的微量元素分布特 征等方面详细探讨了构造与金成矿的地球化学关系。认为不同方向构造充填物的微量元素的分布 特征很好地反映出构造与金成矿的关系。粗粒破碎的黄铁矿含金较高，说明构造运动使金在黄铁 矿中进一步富集。不同期次的断裂充填物的微量元素分布特征研究同样说明了构造对金的富集起 到了十分关键的作用。Ｈｇ、Ｗ、Ｍｏ、Ｆ等微量元素在构造作用下的地球化学行为说明燕山期构造运 动对本区金的成矿仅仅起到了进一步富集的作用。     

可控冲击矛偏转理论研究

偏心钻头在钻进的过程中轨迹呈曲线，而影响曲线曲率半径的原因是多方面的。在对冲击矛及土体做了若干假设的基础上建立起了冲击矛受力的力学模型，从力学的角度对可控冲击矛的钻进轨迹进行了深入的理论分析及研究，从本质上找出了可控冲击矛轨迹变化的根本原因。     

强相关干扰的自动追踪消除法

在信号分析中，有一类强相关干扰在频率上与有效信号相近，能量比有效信号更强，通常所用的频率滤波等方法都难以消除干扰，作者在本文中针对这种强相关干扰的特点提出了一种自动追踪消除法，即首先自动追踪相关干扰的方向，然后恢复其能量，再从实际获取的信号中减去相关干扰能量，即可得到所需的有效信号的能量。该方法在几个石油勘探地区的二维和三维地震资料中进行了应用，并获得了成功，作者在文中最后显示了一个地区的试算效果。     

山东淄博地区上寒武统沉积地球化学特征及其层序地层学意义

根据微量元素和稳定同位素的特征可以推断古盐度、古水温和古水深 ,恢复古沉积环境 ,并判断海平面的相对变化。对淄博地区上寒武统微量元素Sr、Ba、V、Ni和氧 碳同位素的研究结果表明其属于稳定的浅海环境 ,微量元素和氧 碳同位素的变化趋势与海平面的波动有一定的对应关系 ,而且从地球化学方面为层序地层的划分提供了依据。研究结果也表明 ,由于沉积地球化学特征的复杂性 ,不能简单地用一种因素来分析。     

Site investigation on heavy metals contaminated ground in Estarreja — Portugal

Owing to its five decades in the chemical industry, Estarreja is one of the most important industrial areas in Portugal. Intensive industrial activity along with both direct discharge of the effluents into natural water streams and uncontrolled waste disposal on the ground has, throughout the years, had strong impact on health and welfare. Recently an association between industry and local authorities was created — ERASE. The main goal for this association is to find, in co-operation with the Portuguese Environmental Ministry, a cost-effective solution to deal with the soil/sediments contamination and solid waste problem.

The ERASE association planned to build a landfill for both solid waste and contaminated soil/sediments disposal. In order to determine more accurately the volume of material to be disposed of in the landfill, a site investigation was carried out during September/November 1998. The site investigation consisted mainly of systematic soil sampling at shallow depths, both within the industrial area and along the natural water streams.

The site investigation results revealed high concentrations of toxic pollutants, mainly heavy metals (namely As, Hg, Pb and Zn), in the soil of the industrial area. Much higher concentrations were found in the sediments of the water streams, several kilometres away from the industrial complex (the pollution source area).

In most cases, concentration increases with depth, reaching groundwater. Therefore the site investigation programme carried out could not determine the full extent of the contamination. Consequently, further studies were strongly recommended, which should include a wider and deeper investigation area and groundwater sampling.     

Neutron Activation Analysis Applied to the Determination of Heavy Metals and Other Trace Elements in Sediments from Sepetiba Bay (RJ), Brazil

In this work, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied to the determination of the elements As, Ba, Br, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, La, Lu, Nd, Rb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, U, Yb, Zn in twenty eight bottom sediment samples from Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. With the concentration data obtained, contour maps were prepared, by using Kriging method, to show the spatial distribution of the studied elements in the Bay. The elements Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Sc, Ta and Zn showed similar behaviour in the sediments, with higher concentrations along the northern coast of the bay, where the fluvial water inputs are concentrated. The distribution of U, rare earth elements and Ba in the Bay indicates that these elements are not deposited as contaminants.     

Geochemistry, mineralogy, and technological properties of the main Stephanian (Carboniferous) coal seams from the Puertollano Basin, Spain

This study is focused on the occurrence and distribution of mineral matter and major and trace elements in the high volatile bituminous coal from Puertollano (south-central Spain). The relationship between ash behaviour and inorganic composition, as well as the possible formation of fouling and slagging deposits in boilers during the conversion process, were investigated. The Puertollano coals do not exhibit plastic properties, despite their rank, probably because of their high ash and inertinite contents.The Puertollano coal has medium to low total S content (0.48% to 1.63% db, with a mean of 1.0% db) and is characterised by relatively high contents of Si, Pb, Sb, and Cs. Some elements such as As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Li, Mn, Ni, W, and Zn are also present in relatively high contents. The enrichment in a number of heavy metals could be attributed to the common sulphide ores occurring near the Puertollano coal deposit.The following trace elements affinities are deduced: (a) sulphide affinity: As, Co, Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Tl, and Zn; (b) aluminum–silicate affinity: K, Ti, B, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu Ga, Hf, Li, Nb, Rb, Sn, Ta, Th, V, Zr, and LREE; (c) Carbonate affinity: Ca, Mg, Mn, and B; (d) organic affinity: B.The very high Si levels and the anomalous enrichment in Cs, Ge, Pb, Sb, and Zn shown by the Puertollano coals account for the high contents of these elements in the Puertollano fly ash when compared with the other Spanish coal fly ashes.The chemical composition of the high temperature ash (HTA) is consistent with the trend shown by the ash fusion temperatures (AFT) and also with the predictive indices related to slagging and fouling propensities. Thus, the ash fusion temperatures increase with high values of Al₂O₃ as well as with the decrease in Fe₂O₃, CaO, and MgO.     

Effect of widespread severely acidic soils on spatial features and abundance of trace elements in streams

In the coastal area of western Finland, a large number of streams are strongly acidic and contaminated with metals. The reason for this is not historical and present industrial, mining and urban activities, but a current high rate of weathering and leaching of widespread acid sulphate soils (pH 2.5–4.0) developed in artificially drained Holocene marine and lacustrine sulphide-bearing sediments. Evaluation of existing hydro- and geochemical field and experimental data revealed that: (1) cobalt, Ni and Zn are extensively leached from the acid sulphate soils and thus exist abundantly in streams affected by such soils, (2) copper and Tl are also leached abundantly from the acid sulphate soils, although not to the same extent as are Co, Ni and Zn, (3) vanadium is in general depleted and Cr only weakly enriched in streams draining ‘the average acid sulphate soil’, but they increase substantially in severely acidic streams in catchments underlain with particularly acidic soil, (4) arsenic and Pb are not leached more abundantly from the acid sulphate soils than from the common types of soils and sediments (till, glaciofluvial deposits, peat) resulting in aquatic abundance and distribution patterns unrelated to the acid sulphate soil occurrences.     

Hydrological and geomorphological criteria to evaluate the dispersion risk of waste sludge generated by the Aznalcollar mine spill (SW Spain)

Following the Aznalcóllar pyrite mine disaster (Seville, Spain) which caused the spilling of some 4.5?hm³ of acid water, the floodplains of the rivers Agrio and Guadiamar were rapidly cleaned of waste sludge. However, despite the efficiency of cleaning activities, there is still evidence of a fine superficial layer of sludge and some soil contamination, with the consequent risk of remobilisation of the pollutants by water erosion. There is much concern that these contaminated sediments may affect the precious ecosystems of the Doñana National Park and the Guadalquivir marshlands. This report describes the evaluation of the risk of mobilisation of the waste sludge through (1) detailed geomorphological analysis, indicating potential areas of erosion-sedimentation on the floodplains of the rivers Agrio and Guadiamar, and predicted dynamics of the waste sludge, and (2) evaluation of the potential dispersion of the waste sludge provoked by future flood events, including hydraulic calculations to model channel flow and the analysis of the texture of the sludge to obtain critical transport and sedimentation values. Findings suggest that the waste sludge is likely to be transported and deposited within the Doñana National Park during future flood events.