湍流的粘性和频散效应

本文应用Prandtl混合长理论导得了既包含湍流粘性又包含湍流频散的新的Reynolds平均运动方程组.分析指出:(1)湍流不仅存在粘性效应,而且存在频散效应;(2)正是湍流的频散效应可能导致能量逆转(即常说的负粘性现象,实质为一定条件下的负频散现象),并给出了能量逆转的必要条件和充分条件;(3)给出了湍流的KdV-Burgers方程模型.     

Turbulent Dissipation Rate In The Boundary Layer Via Uhf Wind Profiler Doppler Spectral Width Measurements

The study is focused on the retrieval and validation of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate from spectral width measurements made by a UHF wind profiler in the convective atmospheric boundary layer. The possibility to deduce , which is one of the most important parameters for boundary-layer study and monitoring, from Doppler radar spectral width measurements has a firm theoretical basis established by numerous earlier works. However, the major drawback of this approach lies in various meteorological and instrumental sources of non-turbulent spectral width broadening which have to be recognised and accounted for. In the first part of the study, the theoretical background of the retrieval is detailed and all possible causes of spectral broadening are listed and evaluated. In the second part, the method is applied to four days of UHF diurnal boundary-layer observations, collected during the TRAC-98 experiment, for which in situ aircraft measurements were available. Comparison between radar-retrieved and in situ aircraft measurements yields a fairly good agreement with a linear correlation coefficient of about 0.9 and a residual bias less than 2 × 10^-4 m² s^-3. The analysis of derived from vertical and off-zenith observation leads to the recommendation, that in the boundary layer, where the wind is usually moderate, data collected by off-zenith beams should be used. Indeed, the measurement of the vertical spectral width, less affected by the large-scale broadening factor, can still be altered by the ground clutter removal.     

断裂构造对地面运动的隔震效应

分析地下核爆时断裂两侧获取的加速度记录，研究断裂构造对地面运动的影响。发现断裂构造对地震波有显著的隔震作用。当地震波穿过断裂带时其高频能量耗散幅度很大，降震率可达２５％～５０％。１９９１年２月２５日柯坪６．５级地震发生后，距震中１２ｋｍ的县城未遭受到巨大损失，这与区内地质构造的隔震效应有着极为密切的关系。     

Tidal circulation and energy dissipation in a shallow, sinuous estuary

The tidal dynamics in a pristine, mesotidal (>2 m range), marsh-dominated estuary are examined using moored and moving vessel field observations. Analysis focuses on the structure of the M ₂ tide that accounts for approximately 80% of the observed tidal energy, and indicates a transition in character from a near standing wave on the continental shelf to a more progressive wave within the estuary. A slight maximum in water level (WL) occurs in the estuary 10–20 km from the mouth. M ₂ WL amplitude decreases at 0.015 m/km landward of this point, implying head of tide approximately 75 km from the mouth. In contrast, tidal currents in the main channel 25 km inland are twice those at the estuary mouth. Analysis suggests the tidal character is consistent with a strongly convergent estuarine geometry controlling the tidal response in the estuary. First harmonic (M ₄) current amplitude follows the M ₂ WL distribution, peaking at mid-estuary, whereas M ₄ WL is greatest farther inland. The major axis current amplitude is strongly influenced by local bathymetry and topography. On most bends a momentum core shifts from the inside to outside of the bend moving seaward, similar to that seen in unidirectional river flow but with point bars shifted seaward of the bends. Dissipation rate estimates, based on changes in energy flux, are 0.18–1.65 W m⁻² or 40–175 μW kg^–1. A strong (0.1 m/s), depth-averaged residual flow is produced at the bends, which resembles flow around headlands, forming counter-rotating eddies that meet at the apex of the bends. A large sub-basin in the estuary exhibits remarkably different tidal characteristics and may be resonant at a harmonic of the M ₂ tide.     

Dissipation Testing of Singapore Marine Clay by Piezocone Tests

In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow and hydraulic conductivity in horizontal direction in marine clays formation. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone were utilised in the characterisation of the coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow and the hydraulic conductivity in horizontal direction of Singapore marine clay at Changi. Piezocone dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow and hydraulic conductivity in horizontal direction prior to and after ground improvement. The quasi-static piezometric pressures from the dissipation tests were compared with piezometric pressures from piezometers to determine their possibility of future use as an alternative to piezometers. Post-improvement CPTU dissipation tests were carried out in the treated “Vertical Drain Area” as well as in an adjacent untreated “Control Area” for comparison purposes. This study provides support for the use of piezocone dissipation testing methods for the determination of the coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow and hydraulic conductivity in horizontal direction of marine clays in the region as well as an alternative to piezometer instrumentation for monitoring of piezometric pressure during consolidation.     

戈壁地区湍流能量耗散率和温度脉动耗散率的分析

本文在分析戈壁地区湍流能谱特征的基础上,利用惯性副区有关规律,对湍流能量耗散率ε和温度脉动耗散率N作了初步研究,得到无因次湍流能量耗散率(?)_E为 无因次温度脉动耗散率(?)_N为 文中讨论了能量收支方程和温度方差收支方程,并用得到的(?)_E和(?)_N关系估算了近地面层的速度和温度特征尺度M和T,与涡旋相关方法得到结果比较,一致性较好。     

Local Similarity Relationships In The Urban Boundary Layer

To investigate turbulent structures in an urban boundary layer (UBL) with many tallbuildings, a number of non-dimensional variable groups based on turbulent observationsfrom a 325-m meteorological tower in the urban area of Beijing, China, are analyzedin the framework of local similarity. The extension of surface-layer similarity to localsimilarity in the stable and unstable boundary layer is also discussed. According to localsimilarity, dimensionless quantities of variables: e.g., velocity and temperature standarddeviations _i/u_*l (i=u,v,w) and_T/T_*l,correlation coefficients of uw and wT covariance, gradients of wind and temperature_m and _h, and dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) andtemperature variance and _N can be represented as a functiononly of a local stability parameter z/, where is the local Obukhovlength and z is the height above ground. The average dissipation rates of TKE andtemperature variance are computed by using the u spectrum, and the uw and wTcospectra in the inertial subrange. The functions above were found to be in a goodagreement with observational behaviour of turbulence under unstable conditions, butthere were obvious differences in the stable air.     

Dissipative structures in a nonlinear dynamo

This article considers magnetic field generation by a fluid flow in a system referred to as the Archontis dynamo: a steady nonlinear MHD state is driven by a prescribed body force. The field and flow become almost equal and dissipation is concentrated in cigar-like structures centred on straight-line separatrices. Numerical scaling laws for energy and dissipation are given that extend previous calculations to smaller diffusivities. The symmetries of the dynamo are set out, together with their implications for the structure of field and flow along the separatrices. The scaling of the cigar-like dissipative regions, as the square root of the diffusivities, is explained by approximations near the separatrices. Rigorous results on the existence and smoothness of solutions to the steady, forced MHD equations are given.