Wave propagation in a seven-story reinforced concrete building: I. Theoretical models

For transient, high frequency, and pulse like excitation of structures in the near field of strong earthquakes, the classical design approach based on relative response spectrum and mode superposition may not be conservative. For such excitations, it is more natural to use wave propagation methods. In this paper (Part I), we review several two-dimensional wave propagation models of buildings and show results for theoretical dispersion curves computed for these models. We also estimate the parameters of these models that would correspond to a seven-story reinforced concrete building in Van Nuys, California. Ambient vibration tests data for this building imply vertical shear wave velocity β_z=112 m/s and anisotropy factor β_x/β_z=0.55 for NS vibrations, and β_z=88 m/s and β_x/β_z=1 for EW vibrations. The velocity of shear waves propagating through the slabs is estimated to be about 2000 m/s. In the companion paper (Part II), we estimate phase velocities of vertically and horizontally propagating waves between seven pairs of recording points in the building using recorded response to four earthquakes.     

长江三角洲内部极化效应及浙江第三产业结构调整战略

文章分析了长江三角洲(以下简称长三角)内部的极化效应,表现为浙江和江苏的生产要素在向上海的移动。找出了促进极化的3个因素：一是我国的社会发展的历史阶段及其世界范围的经济结构调整,强化了极化效应;二是来自上海方面对于生产要素的吸引;三是周边省份的生产扩张。阐述了上海极化作用为浙江第三产业结构调整提供的四大机遇,即房地产业、休闲旅游业、服务业、物流业的发展。提出了浙江在应对极化过程中第三产业结的构调整战略,即规模战略、层次战略、国际化战略、地域整合战略和市场主导战略。     

城市中小河道水工建（构）筑物调查测绘技术方法的探讨

结合具体工程实例介绍了当前城市中小河道测量工程中常见水工建（构）筑物的类型、调查量测内容及对应精度指标、外业测绘取舍及内业成图表示方法等,特别是根据实地水工建（构）筑物的规模大小、复杂程度,探讨了对其进行调查测绘的技术方法,并结合CAD绘图系统提出了相应的解决办法.     

古昆虫植食的自然历史

昆虫植食是昆虫与植物相互作用关系中最重要的组成部分。探索地史时期陆地生态系统中昆虫植食行为的起源与演化是探究古环境重建及古气候变化的重要切入点,其结果将更好地揭示现生昆虫取食行为背后的生物学及生态学意义。本文梳理了昆虫植食的研究历史;阐述了植物化石上的生物损伤与非生物损伤的主要区别;介绍了昆虫植食研究的化石证据以及功能性取食组 损伤类型研究体系(Functional feeding group damage type, FFG DT)。昆虫植食多样性在地质历史时期的演化过程分为8个阶段：① 志留纪—泥盆纪(444~359 Ma)为昆虫植食的起源时期;② 石炭纪(359~299 Ma)为昆虫植食的扩张时期;③ 二叠纪(299~252 Ma)为昆虫植食的稳定时期;④ 三叠纪(252~201 Ma)晚期,昆虫植食再次多样化;⑤ 侏罗纪(201~145 Ma)昆虫植食程度进一步加强;⑥ 白垩纪(145~66 Ma)裸子植物逐渐为被子植物所替代,昆虫植食大幅度增加;白垩纪末期,昆虫植食水平下降;⑦ 古近纪(66~23 Ma)昆虫植食水平提高;⑧ 新近纪(23~26 Ma)昆虫植食与现代基本相似。影响昆虫植食的主要因素包括气候环境、昆虫和植被多样性、昆虫口器类型、植物群落组成和微生物等。目前,统一昆虫植食研究体系和方法、填补各历史阶段的缺失信息等问题在昆虫植食研究中亟待解决。     

再论贺兰山南部北西向构造成因

贺兰山南部分布着多个方向的构造，其中最明显地是一系列的北西向构造，目前这些构造的相互关系以及形成机制还没有得到合理地解释，争论很大；野外构造研究表明，贺兰山南部北西向构造的形成与青铜峡一固原断裂活动有密切的关系，是该断裂由走滑运动向挤压运动转换时的派生构造；从另一角度也说明，在中新生代由青铜峡一固原断裂所限定的地块(卫宁北山)向东运动，而这些北西向构造的形成主要发生在新生代。由于卫宁北山向东运动的动力来源于青藏高原，因此，贺兰山南部北西向构造的形成与青藏高原的演化有密切的联系。所以。作为中国重要地质界限的南北向构造——贺兰山已经被青藏高原的构造活动所叠加。     

Townsend's Hypothesis, Coherent Structures And Monin–Obukhov Similarity

Townsend's hypothesis states that turbulence near a wall can be divided into an activepart that transports momentum, and an inactive part that does not, and that these twokinds of turbulence do not interact. Active turbulence is generated by wind shear and has properties that scale on local parameters of the flow, while inactive turbulence isthe product of energetic processes remote from the surface and scales on outer-layerparameters. Both kinds of motion can be observed in the atmospheric surface layer, soMonin–Obukhov similarity theory, which is framed in terms of local parameters only,can apply only to active motions. If Townsend's hypothesis were wrong, so that activeand inactive motions do interact in some significant way, then transport processes nearthe ground would be sensitive to outer-layer parameters such as boundary-layer depth,and Monin–Obukhov theory would fail.Experimental results have shown that heat transport near the ground does depend onprocesses in the outer layer. We propose a mechanism for this whereby inactive motionsinitiate active, coherent ejection/sweep structures that carry much of the momentum andheat. We give evidence that the inactive motions take the form of streak patterns of fasterand slower air, and argue that these are induced by the pressure effects of large eddiespassing overhead. The streak pattern includes regions where faster streams of air overtakeand engulf slower-moving streaks. Transverse vortices form across the spines of the streaksat these places and some of them develop into horseshoe vortices. These horseshoe vorticesgrow rapidly and are rotated forward in the sheared flow so they soon contact the ground,squirting the air confined between the legs of the horseshoe vortex outwards as a forcefulejection. This model is consistent with a wide range of results from the field and laboratoryexperiments. Heat transport is significantly affected, so undermining the dimensionalassumptions of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory.     

广西凤凰山银矿床构造控矿与找矿方向研究

广西凤凰山银矿床位于西大明山复式背斜北东端的次级褶皱断裂破碎带中。本文基于区域构造背景,研究了凤凰山银矿床构造对矿化蚀变的控制作用,分析了控矿构造组合样式及其形成机理。认为矿体产于NWW向压剪性断裂中的局部张性地段,断裂产状变化部位以及NWW向断裂与NW向断裂交会部位是成矿有利部位。     

Some statistical characteristics of large deepwater waves around the Korean Peninsula

The relationship between significant wave height and period, the variability of significant wave period, the spectral peak enhancement factor, and the directional spreading parameter of large deepwater waves around the Korean Peninsula have been investigated using various sources of wave measurement and hindcasting data. For very large waves comparable to design waves, it is recommended to use the average value of the empirical formulas proposed by Shore Protection Manual in 1977 and by Goda in 2003 for the relationship between significant wave height and period. The standard deviation of significant wave periods non-dimensionalized with respect to the mean value for a certain significant wave height varies between 0.04 and 0.21 with a typical value of 0.1 depending upon different regions and different ranges of significant wave heights. The probability density function of the peak enhancement factor is expressed as a lognormal distribution, with its mean value of 2.14, which is somewhat smaller than the value in the North Sea. For relatively large waves, the probability density function of the directional spreading parameter at peak frequency is also expressed as a lognormal distribution.     

Wave run-up on bermed coastal structures

Reliable estimation of wave run-up is required for the effective and efficient design of coastal structures when flooding or wave overtopping volumes are an important consideration in the design process. In this study, a unified formula for the wave run-up on bermed structures has been developed using collected and existing data. As data on berm breakwaters was highly limited, physical model tests were conducted and the run-up was measured. Conventional governing parameters and influencing factors were then used to predict the dimensionless run-up level with 2% exceedance probability. The developed formula includes the effect of water depth which is required in understanding the influence of sea level rise and consequent changes of wave height to water depth ratio on the future hydraulic performance of the structures. The accuracy measures such as RMSE and Bias indicated that the developed formula is more accurate than the existing formulas. Additionally, the new formula was validated using field measurements and its superiority was observed when compared to the existing prediction formulas. Finally, the new design formula incorporating the partial safety factor was introduced as a design tool for engineers.