Investigating the effect of data quality on time domain electromagnetic discrimination

Using field data and numerical simulations we investigate the effect of data quality on time domain electromagnetic discrimination. Data quality decreases when measurements contain responses not accounted for by our mathematical modelling. This can include instrument noise, inaccurately reported position and orientation information, geologic contributions to the signal, and loss of validity of the forward modelling. Survey design is critical to data quality in order to have sufficient sampling of data anomalies, and also to ensure that each target is illuminated such that both the axial and transverse components of the polarization can be excited and measured. For dipole model based discrimination algorithms, success is contingent upon the accuracy with which the components of the polarization tensor can be estimated. Field data from different survey modes are analysed to identify noise sources and provide quantitative estimates of the noise in each survey. Inversion results show that increased noise levels lead to greater spread in recovered parameters. Monte Carlo simulations are performed in order to investigate the importance of other data quality factors. Analysis of inversion results from the simulations show that anomaly size, signal to noise ratio, positioning error, line spacing and station spacing all play a role in the spread of recovered parameters. Through the analysis of our simulation results we propose a figure of merit as a means of quantifying different data quality factors with a single number and relate this number to the accuracy with which parameters can be estimated.     

基于空间推理的专题影像解译

遥感影像的计算机解译已广泛地应用于许多领域，但要达到完全自动地解译的目标仍然存在不少问题。本文研究的问题是，在统计分类的基础上，引入空间推理方法，对遥感影像进行专题解译，直至最后自动地输出专题图。据此，文中提出了按专题影像分析需要所形成的由原始影像、分割影像、等质区影像、分类解译影像和功能区影像等构成的表达法层次。在低层次影像分析中，影像按照统计属性被分割；在中间层次和高层次的影像分析中，与地物和专题有关的结构和空间知识被利用。本文说明了四叉树生成、复合形标记、复合形归并和匹配等在沟通不同的表达法中的作用。设计了应用于专题影像解译的差别图。介绍了与差别图和空间分析有关的规则。最后，上述技术已被有效地应用于中国吉林省双阳县的植被调查。     

甘肃拉尔玛金矿床地球化学模式及剥蚀程度评价指标

拉尔玛金矿床是一个含铀金矿，金矿原生晕具有头晕与前缘挥发晕的叠加或“混杂堆积”式及中下部晕的分异分带性，所反映的成矿机制属层控隐爆－分异沉淀的热液成因机理，元素浓度度值，元素相关性，元素对比值及总矿化强度等沿矿体倾向均呈递增或递减变化，此规律在矿体剥蚀程度的定性评判及利用数学地质方法（回归分析）定量化评判中均有简单易判的指标及高的评判预测效果。     

Discrimination Between Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: An Application of Wigner Distribution

In this paper,the nonstationary theory of Wigner Distribution is used to discriminate between underground nuclear explosions and natural earthquakes.Five underground explosions in Kazakhstan region and seven regional earthquakes in its adjacent areas have been analyzed.The result shows that the transient spectra of underground nuclear explosions are concentrated in the frequency range of 5-10 Hz,while the transient spectra of natural earthquakes are distributed widely from lower frequency to higher frequency.The transient frequency of nuclear explosions shows linearity in the first stage(0相似文献   

Detection and mapping the spatial distribution of bracken fern weeds using the Landsat 8 OLI new generation sensor

Bracken fern is an invasive plant that presents serious environmental, ecological and economic problems around the world. An understanding of the spatial distribution of bracken fern weeds is therefore essential for providing appropriate management strategies at both local and regional scales. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of the freely available medium resolution Landsat 8 OLI sensor in the detection and mapping of bracken fern at the Cathedral Peak, South Africa. To achieve this objective, the results obtained from Landsat 8 OLI were compared with those derived using the costly, high spatial resolution WorldView-2 imagery. Since previous studies have already successfully mapped bracken fern using high spatial resolution WorldView-2 image, the comparison was done to investigate the magnitude of difference in accuracy between the two sensors in relation to their acquisition costs. To evaluate the performance of Landsat 8 OLI in discriminating bracken fern compared to that of Worldview-2, we tested the utility of (i) spectral bands; (ii) derived vegetation indices as well as (iii) the combination of spectral bands and vegetation indices based on discriminant analysis classification algorithm. After resampling the training and testing data and reclassifying several times (n = 100) based on the combined data sets, the overall accuracies for both Landsat 8 and WorldView-2 were tested for significant differences based on Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that the integration of the spectral bands and derived vegetation indices yielded the best overall classification accuracy (80.08% and 87.80% for Landsat 8 OLI and WorldView-2 respectively). Additionally, the use of derived vegetation indices as a standalone data set produced the weakest overall accuracy results of 62.14% and 82.11% for both the Landsat 8 OLI and WorldView-2 images. There were significant differences {U (100) = 569.5, z = −10.8242, p < 0.01} between the classification accuracies derived based on Landsat OLI 8 and those derived using WorldView-2 sensor. Although there were significant differences between Landsat and WorldView-2 accuracies, the magnitude of variation (9%) between the two sensors was within an acceptable range. Therefore, the findings of this study demonstrated that the recently launched Landsat 8 OLI multispectral sensor provides valuable information that could aid in the long term continuous monitoring and formulation of effective bracken fern management with acceptable accuracies that are comparable to those obtained from the high resolution WorldView-2 commercial sensor.     

瞬态谱在地震与核爆识别中的应用

采用非稳态的ＷＤ理论,对５个哈萨克斯坦地下核爆及其邻近地区７个区域地震资料进行分析,研究了地下核爆和天然地震的瞬态谱特征、瞬时频率随时间的变化。结果表明,地下核爆的瞬态谱主要分布在高频：核爆的瞬态谱大多数集中于５-１０Ｈｚ;天然地震的瞬态谱散布在低频到高频的较大范围。核爆的瞬时频率在起始阶段（０＜ｔ＜０．７５ｓ）表现为线性,起始频率为负值;天然地震的瞬时频率以跳动形式迅速变化,起始频率正负交替。同时还对地震和核爆瞬态谱差异进行了初步解释。     

Identification of blasting sources in the Dobrogea seismogenic region,Romania using seismo-acoustic signals

In order to discriminate between quarry blasts and earthquakes observed in the Dobrogea seismogenic region, a seismo-acoustic analysis was performed on 520 events listed in the updated Romanian seismic catalogue from January 2011 to December 2012. During this time interval, 104 seismo-acoustic events observed from a distance between 110 and 230 km and backazimuth interval of 110–160° from the IPLOR infrasound array were identified as explosions by associating with infrasonic signals. WinPMCC software for interactive analysis was applied to detect and characterize infrasonic signals in terms of backazimuth, speed and frequency content. The measured and expected values of both backazimuths and arrival times for the study events were compared in order to identify the sources of infrasound. Two predominant directions for seismo-acoustic sources’ aligning were observed, corresponding to the northern and central parts of Dobrogea, and these directions are further considered as references in the process of discriminating explosions from earthquakes. A predominance of high-frequency detections (above 1 Hz) is also observed in the infrasound data. The strong influence of seasonally dependent stratospheric winds on the IPLOR detection capability limits the efficiency of the discrimination procedure, as proposed by this study.     

朝鲜地下核试验的地震学观测

自2006年至2017年,朝鲜民主主义人民共和国在中朝边界地区的试验场进行了6次地下核试验.本文综合报道根据东北亚地区的宽频带数字地震资料利用地震学方法对这六次地下核爆炸的研究.结果表明,朝鲜地下核试验在区域台网产生的地震记录具有典型浅源爆炸的特征.针对上述资料发展了处理核爆数据的方法并据此得出各次朝鲜核爆的地震学参数,包括事件识别、当量测定、以及震中相对定位等.对6次核爆和4次天然地震P/S类型谱振幅比的统计分析表明,2 Hz以上台网平均谱振幅比可以正确地将朝鲜核爆从天然地震中识别出来,从而有效监测在朝鲜半岛进行的当量大于0.5 kt的地下核试验.同时也发现,建立在体波-面波震级比之上的识别方法不适用于朝鲜核试验场.通过建立中朝边界地区基于Lg波的体波震级系统,计算了各次朝鲜核试验的体波震级m_b（Lg）,并由此估计了它们的地震学当量,其值介于0.5 kt至60 kt之间.由于缺少爆炸埋藏深度的数据,上述当量有可能被低估,因而有必要对深度影响做进一步研究.以第一次爆炸的位置为参考震中,利用Pn波相对走时数据和高精度相对定位方法获得了各次核爆在试验场中的精确定位.     

滑坡灾害超前预判技术研究

以地质构造控制论为理论核心,以地层、构造、地形等要素的系统分析为指导,以滑坡的形成、演化及特征为对象,首次提出了滑坡地质灾害超前地质预判的概念:滑坡灾害超前地质预判主要是指在各级勘察工作前期,不借助任何勘探手段,运用各种超前地质预判的方法,根据滑坡的地质地貌特征确定滑坡的空间位置及滑坡类型,预测其未来发展状况的一种技术方法。以此建立了该技术的基本体系、判别方法及工作程序,并在陕南公路沿线地质灾害调查过程中进行了初步应用。     

基于Fisher判别分析法的潜在滑坡判识模型及其应用

针对古(老)滑坡,选取地貌特征(包括地形坡度、沟谷切割状况、洼地封闭状况、前缘临空状况)、滑面特征(包括滑面倾角、滑面形态、滑面阻抗比)、滑体结构和近期活动迹象4大类9个指标作为潜在滑坡的判识指标,然后依据Fisher判别分析的理论和方法,建立了潜在滑坡的Fisher判识模型.实例分析结果表明,Fisher判别方法预测准确率高达100%,回判估计的误判率仅为5%,是一种有效的潜在滑坡判识方法.