地球外部扰动重力严密改化模型及分析检验

直接积分模型是计算地球外部扰动重力的主要数学工具,将全球积分模型改化为局域积分模型是实现地球外部重力场赋值的前提条件.相比表层积分模型和向上延拓积分模型,Stokes积分模型要求的输入信息种类最少,故在减轻数据保障压力方面具有比较明显的优势.在实施Stokes积分模型工程化应用过程中,我们发现扰动重力径向分量积分模型从地球外部逼近边界面时存在比较严重的数值不连续性问题,本文研究并指出了存在该问题的内在原因,同时提出了保持该模型连续性的修正方法;针对三分量计算模型存在的积分奇异性问题和传统改化方法存在的理论缺陷,提出综合采用移去恢复运算和积分恒等式转换技术,同时依据实测数据保障条件,分步实施扰动重力三分量全球积分模型改化的技术流程和方法,推出了三分量积分模型的分步改化公式,提出了补偿传统改化模型缺陷的修正公式.以超高阶地球位模型EGM2008作为检核参考位场,开展模型对比计算数值试验,分别对本文推出的扰动重力三分量不同阶段改化模型的计算精度进行了分析检验和评估,验证了采用严密改化模型的必要性和有效性.

     

青藏高原莫霍面的研究进展

本文首先简要回顾了莫霍面的发现，介绍其基本性质，然后对青藏高原莫霍面研究的重要进展进行了评述。在区域尺度上，被动源地震(天然地震)方法研究结果勾勒出青藏高原地壳及岩石圈底部的深部构造轮廓。然而受分辨率的限制，天然地震结果给出的地壳及上地幔结构的细节不足。近年来已经用分辨率达到几千米甚至百米级的主动源地震(包括宽角反射与折射地震和深反射地震)方法，揭示出青藏高原地壳及上地幔的精细结构。本文对近30年来深地震探测获得的青藏高原各个地块的莫霍面深度、壳幔结构和上地幔盖层速度等基本数据进行了较系统的分析，并对青藏高原莫霍面研究存在的有关问题进行了讨论。     

广西龙州县金龙铝土矿地质特征及成因初探

广西龙州县金龙铝土矿是近年新发现的迭大型以上规模的堆积型一水铝土矿床.文章在分析研究区域成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征的基础上,对矿床成因及控矿因素进行了初步探讨,总结了找矿标志,认为矿源层来自晚泥盆世与早石炭世之间古侵蚀间断面上的原生铁铝岩(铝土矿);成矿经历了矿源层的形成、表生的风化岩溶作用和改造富集三个阶段;矿区外围...     

Comparison of rock discontinuity mean trace length and density estimation methods using discontinuity data from an outcrop in Wenchuan area,China

The equations that exist in the literature to estimate corrected mean trace length and corrected two-dimensional density of a rock discontinuity set using area sampling technique are critically reviewed. The discontinuity traces appearing in an outcrop in Yingxiu area in China are used along with rectangular windows to calculate the corrected mean trace length and two-dimensional density using Kulatilake and Wu’s equations. Similarly, circular windows are used along with Mauldon’s and Zhang and Einstein’s equation to calculate the mean trace length and Mauldon’s equation to calculate the two-dimensional density for the same discontinuity sets using the same outcrop discontinuity trace data. For both parameters, the predictions based on the rectangular window methods were found to be more accurate than that based on the circular window methods.     

Indirect determination of weighted joint density (wJd) by empirical and fuzzy models: Supren (Eskisehir, Turkey) marbles

Correct block size assessment is the most important stage for rock quarry management. Although volumetric joint count (J_v) and weighted joint density (wJd) were proposed for this purpose, simple prediction method for these indices is not encountered in literature. Due to the fact that some rock masses such as marbles contain less discontinuity, collection of representative amount of data from in situ line surveys for statistical assessments is highly difficult. For this reason, the main targets of the present paper are to apply photoanalysis approach for collecting additional discontinuity data and to obtain some simple statistical and fuzzy models for predicting weighted joint density to evaluate block size in engineering practice for marbles around Supren (Eskisehir, Turkey). In addition, a new and simple approach to predict volumetric decrease caused by chemical weathering is introduced. For these purposes, extensive field and photoanalysis studies were performed and the data obtained from both field and photoanalysis studies were assessed by regression and fuzzy approaches. The results revealed that the prediction performance of the fuzzy inference system is higher than that of the regression equation.     

Permeability of 3D discontinuity networks: New tensors from boundary-conditioned homogenisation

Two equivalent permeability tensors are defined for 3D heterogeneous media, K^p${\mathbf{K}}^p$ and K^q${\mathbf{K}}^q$, valid respectively for linear pressure and constant flux conditions at the block boundary. Both tensors are symmetric and positive-definite and the second one produces lower magnitude of directional permeability than the first one. These tensors only depends upon the internal block structure and 3D distribution of the local permeability values. On this basis, we develop first a straightforward method for evaluating the coefficients of the 2D tensor for the problem of flow through fracture traces in a cross-section, subject to linear pressure conditions. A quartzite rock mass is used as an example to illustrate this method. Then, an approximated method is proposed to build up the 3D permeability tensor of the fractured block from the ellipses within cross-sections in varied orientations.     

工程岩体结构面间距空间分布的ARIMA模型及应用

结构面间距是反映结构面分布特征的重要指标之一,也是工程岩体质量级别划分的重要指标之一。与传统的结构面间距定义不同,本文认为只需按组测量结构面之间的间距同样可以分析结构面分布特征,并给出了结构面类型的4类划分法,依此建立结构面序列,利用时间序列的自回归滑动平均模型建立节理间距的AR IMA模型,提出了间距序列建模和模型检验方法,并以实例印证了AR IMA模型表示间距序列是合适的。     

花岗岩中结构面分布及其在岩体质量评价中的意义

花岗岩这样的硬质岩石,其岩体质量与结构面关系极为密切。本文列举了3个建于花岗岩体的工程项目实例,主要研究其结构面的分布特征,采用的方法有现场勘查、赤平投影、结构面统计法和地应力等。结构面主要指不同规模和成因的断层、节理、岩脉、接触面和裂隙,节理为最普遍的结构面,可以用来推测地应力的方向。对通用的围岩分类指标RMR, Q, BQ和T进行了比较,利用关系矩阵发现RMR和BQ的相关性最大,其次是T值,相关性最差的是Q值。结构面的密度、方向和强度是隧道工程项目选址和设计阶段岩体分类的主要指标。     

Close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts

This paper reviews the application of close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts. Terrestrial remote sensing techniques are being increasingly used as a complement to traditional scanline and window mapping methods. They provide more comprehensive information on rock cuts, allow surveying of inaccessible outcrops, and increase user safety. Selected case studies are used to estimate the accuracy of several 3D model registration approaches and the most time-, effort- and cost-effective methods are highlighted. It is shown that simple registration networks are able to provide adequate measurement of discontinuity orientation for engineering purposes. The case studies presented also illustrate the effects of sampling bias and limitations related to discontinuity characterization using remote sensing techniques. Vertical orientation bias and occlusion can be of particular concern when persistent discontinuities dip at the same angle as the camera/scanner line-of-sight. Major advantages of the techniques are presented illustrating how terrestrial remote sensing techniques provide rapid spatial measurements of discontinuity location, orientation and curvature and are well suited to the quantification of persistence magnitudes greater than 3 m.