Detecting tents to estimate the displaced populations for post-disaster relief using high resolution satellite imagery

Estimating the number of refugees and internally displaced persons is important for planning and managing an efficient relief operation following disasters and conflicts. Accurate estimates of refugee numbers can be inferred from the number of tents. Extracting tents from high-resolution satellite imagery has recently been suggested. However, it is still a significant challenge to extract tents automatically and reliably from remote sensing imagery. This paper describes a novel automated method, which is based on mathematical morphology, to generate a camp map to estimate the refugee numbers by counting tents on the camp map. The method is especially useful in detecting objects with a clear shape, size, and significant spectral contrast with their surroundings. Results for two study sites with different satellite sensors and different spatial resolutions demonstrate that the method achieves good performance in detecting tents. The overall accuracy can be up to 81% in this study. Further improvements should be possible if over-identified isolated single pixel objects can be filtered. The performance of the method is impacted by spectral characteristics of satellite sensors and image scenes, such as the extent of area of interest and the spatial arrangement of tents. It is expected that the image scene would have a much higher influence on the performance of the method than the sensor characteristics.     

四川旱涝震灾害的人工神经网络外推预测

选取旱、涝、震灾害之间的一步转移概率作为Ｂ－Ｐ人工神经网络训练样本的输入信息，建立了四川旱、涝、震的人工神经网络灾型预测模型。Ｂ－Ｐ网络模型应用于实例预测结果与用主分量分析法的趋势预测结果精度接近。     

1951-2008年辽宁冰雹的时空分布特征

选取1951-2008年辽宁省56个站气象资料和中国气象灾害大典等资料,对冰雹时空分布进行了统计分析。结果表明：辽宁冰雹日数以山地为最多,丘陵次之,平原和沿海最少。移动路径基本与山脉、河流、海岸线等地形走向一致。冰雹具有明显的季节变化,主要出现在4-10月。5-6月为冰雹多发期,6月为最多,5月次之。近30a辽宁省年冰雹日数呈减少趋势。冰雹发生主要集中在中午至傍晚。辽西走廊、辽宁中部平原及辽东半岛南部大连地区为冰雹灾害重点防御区。产生冰雹的天气系统按高空形势分类主要有4种：冷涡、冷涡后部横槽、高空槽和槽后西北气流,对应地面形势多为低压冷锋。     

2010年凌云县干旱灾害成因分析及抗旱措施

从气候、地形等方面分析了凌云县2009年秋至2010年干旱灾害的成因,并提出了相应的抗旱措施,尽可能减少干旱灾害造成的损失。     

Social and structural vulnerabilities: Associations with disaster readiness

The ability to plan for a disaster is associated with a range of contextual factors and often traverses several sites of inequities, including sociodemographic and institutional disparities. While multiple studies have investigated the relationship of housing insecurity with adverse outcomes after a disaster, fewer studies have examined how housing insecurity is associated with disaster preparedness. This paper hypothesizes social and structural vulnerabilities to be directly associated with preparedness. Housing insecurity is posited to have both direct and multiplicative effects with social vulnerability on the dependent variable. We use nationally representative data from the 2017 American Housing Survey. The final weighted study sample consisted of 29,070 housing units, with 52% male and 48% female householders. Fifty-seven percent of the population was not prepared with food, water, emergency funds, and transportation. Housing security and quality emerged as important conditions for households to be better prepared. Further, housing insecurity moderated the relationship between some social vulnerability factors and preparedness. The study helps identify where resources and research funds should be targeted to reduce multidimensional vulnerabilities before a disaster. Safe and affordable housing is central to climate and environmental justice; centering disaster readiness, response, and climate action across policy agendas is vital.     

Resilience to disaster: Evidence from American wellbeing data

As the severity and frequency of extreme weather events become more pronounced with climate change and the increased habitation of at-risk areas, it is important to understand people’s resilience to them. We quantify resilience by estimating how disasters in the US impacted individual wellbeing in the initial weeks and months post-disaster, and whether the effect sizes differed by individual- and county-level factors. The methodological approach contrasts changes in wellbeing in counties affected by disasters with that of residents in unaffected counties of the same state. We find that people’s hedonic wellbeing is reduced by approximately 6% of a standard deviation in the first two weeks following the event, with the effect diminishing rapidly thereafter. The negative effects are driven by White, older, and economically advantaged sub-populations, who exhibit less resilience. We find no evidence that existing indices of community resilience moderate impacts. Our conclusion is that most people in the US have a resilient response to extreme weather events.     

Response of a Resilient Community to Natural Disasters: The Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal, 2015

The ability of a community to withstand and recover from adversities including natural and man-made disasters has emerged as a major policy issue in recent years. This research aims to assess the role of institutional initiatives in building resilient communities and their response to natural disasters like the Gorkha earthquake in Nepal in 2015. The work is based on data collected from primary and secondary sources along with field observations. It is evident that resilient communities are equipped with greater coping capacities in the face of natural disasters and have reduced vulnerability to future hazards. Institutional capacity building and resilient construction including the School Earthquake Safety Program ensured better disaster preparedness. The traditional open spaces and building designs added to the structural resilience. There is, however, a need to build back better and to communicate earthquake-resistant designs to the affected communities.     

石油企业抗震防灾规划信息管理系统的设计

基于石油企业抗震防灾工作对网络与数据库的信息管理系统的需求,对数据库产品进行了简要分析,并根据石油企业抗震防迷规划的需求和信息管理的一般模式,提出了石油企业抗震防灾规划信息计算机管理系统的设想。认为,以Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｏｆｔ Ａｃｃｅｓｓ数据库软件为基础,利用ＶＢ或ＶＣ等可视化前端应用开发工具,是目前比较好的方案,它将使石油企业抗震防灾规划工作在办公自动化方面迈向新的台阶。     

2021年、2022年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

基于2021年、2022年中国5.0级及以上地震目录,结合应急管理部、有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估报告和相关资料,对中国大陆地震灾害情况、主要地震灾害事件及其特点进行了总结和分析。此外,按省份总结了各省地震灾害事件及地震灾害特点。其中,云南省中强震多、强震少,震区房屋抗震能力较高,人员伤亡较小; 四川省中强震少、强震多,次生灾害较为发育,造成严重人员伤亡; 青海省虽然震级高、破坏性强、致灾范围广,但震区地广人稀,房屋抗震设防等级较高,人员伤亡少。最后,结合历史震害统计数据,分析对比近2年中国大陆地震灾害致灾特点。     

四川九寨沟7.0级地震后社交媒体多层次信息沟通功能分析

本文以“社交媒体多层次信息流”为概念框架,分析了四川九寨沟7.0级地震发生后,个人、当地的组织、宏观层面的主流媒体使用社交媒体所发挥的作用。通过对微博的数据进行挖掘分析,总结出地震灾害发生后社交媒体所具有的5项功能:人际之间的交流,地方政府、本土组织以及当地媒体的传播渠道,大众传媒信息发布的渠道,信息的收集和分享,微观、中观以及宏观各主体间沟通的渠道。在强震发生后社交媒体有巨大的传播潜力,本文的研究成果对未来大震发生后如何利用社交媒体来应对灾害有一定的借鉴意义。