Spectral characteristics of the nearshore waves off Paradip,India during monsoon and extreme events

Spectral and statistical wave parameters obtained from the measured time series wave data off Paradip, east coast of India during May 1996–January 1997 were analysed along with MIKE 21 spectral wave model (SW) results. Statistical wave parameters and directional wave energy spectra distinctly separate out the wave conditions that prevailed off Paradip in the monsoon, fair weather and extreme weather events during the above period. Frequency-energy spectra during extreme events are single peaked, and the maximum energy distribution is in a narrow frequency band with an average directional spreading of 20°. Spectra for other seasons are multi-peaked, and energy is distributed over a wide range of frequencies and directions. The NCEP re-analysis winds were used in the model, and the results clearly bring out the wave features during depressions. The simulated wave parameters reasonably show good match with the measurements. For example, the correlation coefficient between the measured and modelled significant wave height is 0.87 and the bias −0.25.     

潮汐地电场谐波和各向波形的影响要素

潮汐地电场表现出近正弦形态,形态持续全天属TGF-A型,只在午前午后出现属TGF-B型,两类潮汐地电场前5阶谐波周期分别是23～24、12、7.9、6、4.8h.不同场地的潮汐地电场振幅谱可能有差异,周期变化的径向、切向月球潮汐力的振幅谱也存在差异.岩石裂隙面分布不同,则各向潮汐力对裂隙的作用效果不同,这可能是导致潮汐...     

水平定向钻岩石层穿越套管安装工艺

在水平定向钻穿越长距离、复杂地质条件施工中,为保证穿越导向孔钻进工程的顺利进行,避免或减少钻杆在传递推力时在钻孔内产生“蛇行”弯曲、不能有效传递推力、钻进方向不易控制等不利因素,通常采用在钻机侧沿钻进方向的钻杆上加装部分套管技术。本文详细阐述了水平定向钻岩石层穿越套管安装的施工流程、安装技术措施,同时对套管的钻进、润滑、回抽等环节进行了分析,并对套管施工过程中安全注意事项提出了几点建议。     

Observations of sea and swell using directional wave buoy

Directional wave data collected during an experiment at a location on the continental shelf of the south west coast of India using a WAVEC buoy, have been analysed based on the technique of Kuiket al (1988). The observed wave spectra indicate that the wave field is composed of sea waves (with peaks around 0·18 and 0·23 Hz) travelling nearly in the wind direction (WNW-N), and lower frequency (0·09 Hz) swell waves from the South. The parameterization of the wave directional spread shows that both local wind conditions and nonlinear wave-wave interactions control the shape of the directional distribution. The directional distribution is generally bimodal in the transition region between sea and swell and at higher frequencies when rapid changes in wind speed and direction occur.     

First operation of bulk micromegas in low pressure negative ion drift gas mixtures for dark matter searches

A bulk micromegas micropattern charge readout device has, for the first time, been operated at room temperature in low pressure carbon disulphide vapour. This is a key step opening prospects for use of micromegas readout for large volume negative ion time projection chambers (TPCs) without magnets, such as proposed for directional dark matter detectors and other rare event applications. The dependence of the gain on the amplification field, pressure and drift field has been evaluated. For the available gap size of 75 μm a maximum gain of 1300 ± 120 was achieved in 40 torr vapour with an energy resolution of 22% for 5.9 keV ⁵⁵Fe X-rays. From a fit to the data, the Townsend coefficient gas parameters A and B have been derived. Operation has also been successfully achieved in xenon:carbon disulphide blends over a range of partial and total pressures. A gain of 890 ± 130 at an energy resolution of 35% has been recorded for a 1:1 blend at a total pressure of 80 torr. Possible improvements are discussed in the context of operation in directional dark matter TPCs as a replacement for multi-wire proportional counters.     

The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,China

Hot dry rock (HDR) is a kind of clean energy with significant potential. Since the 1970s, the United States, Japan, France, Australia, and other countries have attempted to conduct several HDR development research projects to extract thermal energy by breaking through key technologies. However, up to now, the development of HDR is still in the research, development, and demonstration stage. An HDR exploration borehole (with 236 °C at a depth of 3705 m) was drilled into Triassic granite in the Gonghe Basin in northwest China in 2017. Subsequently, China Geological Survey (CGS) launched the HDR resources exploration and production demonstration project in 2019. After three years of efforts, a sequence of significant technological breakthroughs have been made, including the genetic model of deep heat sources, directional drilling and well completion in high-temperature hard rock, large-scale reservoir stimulation, reservoir characterization, and productivity evaluation, reservoir connectivity and flow circulation, efficient thermoelectric conversion, monitoring, and geological risk assessment, etc. Then the whole-process technological system for HDR exploration and production has been preliminarily established accordingly. The first power generation test was completed in November 2021. The results of this project will provide scientific support for HDR development and utilization in the future.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Three-dimensional investigations of wave overtopping on rubble mound structures

To study the influence of wave obliquity and directional spreading on wave overtopping of rubble mound breakwaters a total of 736 three-dimensional model tests were carried out at Aalborg University. The results of these tests are presented and analysed in this paper yielding a new empirical reduction factor to describe the influence of wave obliquity and directional spreading on the average wave overtopping discharges. The study shows that perpendicularly incident, long-crested waves result in conservative values of the overtopping discharge for the tested cross-section.     

Statistical estimation of extreme ocean environments: The requirement for modelling directionality and other covariate effects

With increasing availability of good directional data, provision of directional estimates of extreme significant wave heights, in addition to the omni-directional estimates, is more common. However, interpretation of directional together with omni-directional design criteria is subject to inconsistency, even in design guidelines. In particular, omni-directional criteria are usually estimated ignoring directional effects. In this article, for data which exhibit directional effects, we show that a directional extreme value model generally explains the observed variation significantly better than a model which ignores directionality, and that omni-directional criteria developed from a directional model are different from those generated when directionality is not accounted for. We also show that omni-directional criteria derived from a directional model are more accurate and should be preferred in general over those based on models which ignore directional effects. We recommend use of directional extreme value models for estimation of both directional and omni-directional design criteria in future, when good directional data are available. If effects of other covariates (e.g. time or space) are suspected, we similarly recommend use of extreme value models which adequately capture sources of covariate variability for all design analysis.     

Wave crest and trough distributions in a broad-banded directional wave field

It is well established that the modulational instability enhances the probability of occurrence for extreme events in long crested wave fields. Recent studies, however, have shown that the coexistence of directional wave components can reduce the effects related to the modulational instability. Here, numerical simulations of the Euler equations are used to investigate whether the modulational instability may produce significant deviations from second-order statistical properties of surface gravity waves when short crestness (i.e., directionality) is accounted for. The case of a broad-banded directional wave field (i.e. wind sea) is investigated. The analysis is concentrated on the wave crest and trough distribution. For completeness a comparison with a unidirectional wave field is presented also. Results will show that the distributions based on second-order theory provide a good estimate for the simulated crest and trough height also at low probability levels.     

基于BS-MUSIC的定向钻孔雷达三维成像算法

定向钻孔雷达由位于井中的一个发射天线和分布于圆环上的呈等角度分布的四个接收天线组成,能确定井旁地质目标的深度和方位.然而,目标方位确定和三维成像的算法问题一直是该技术面临的挑战.本文将空间谱估计中的BS-MUSIC算法应用于定向钻孔雷达目标方位识别算法中,在此基础上提出并实现了利用四个接收天线的信号对井周地质体进行三维空间成像的算法.使用合成数据对以上算法的效果进行验证,并和通常的MUSIC算法进行比较,结果表明,MUSIC算法和基于波束空间的MUSIC算法均可以在方位确定和三维成像方面取得非常好的效果,但计算速度方面,BS-MUSIC算法相比于MUSIC算法有了非常明显的提升.