Directional spectrum methods for deterministic waves

This work discusses developments related to the generation and measurement of directional wave spectra in multi-directional wave tank using deterministic waves. The details of the generation method, based on the single summation method described by Jefferys (1987), are given and the capacity of the Edinburgh curved wave tank to generate such waves is assessed. The Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) and one of its derivative, The Modified Maximum Likelihood Method (MMLM) (Isobe and Kondo, 1985), are adapted to the characteristics of deterministic waves. The methods are assessed both with simulated waves and real wave elevations from the Edinburgh curved tank. Both methods show very satisfactory results with very stable angular spreading estimates and good tracking of mean directions of propagation across frequencies. The adapted MLM compares favourably with the industry standard, the Bayesian Directional Method, while only taking a fraction of the time needed to the BDM to produce its spectral estimates.     

On the determination of directional wave spectra for practical applications

The performance of various directional instruments for practical oceanographic and coastal engineering applications is examined. The emphasis is put on the application of conventional current meters equipped with high resolution pressure sensors and three element arrays. Two simulation techniques have been used to produce input data with known frequency spectrum and known directional spreading. The directional spreading is determined by the maximum likelihood method and the resulting spreading is compared with the input spreading. The performance of a conventional current meter equipped with a high resolution pressure sensor depends on the width of the directional spreading of surface waves and on the frequencies under consideration. Even for very narrow directional spreading, the current meter response is acceptable for practical applications and for shallow water deployment. In general, the current meter directional response does not depend on the direction of the incident waves. The spatial array of three wave staffs deployed in shallow water shows a similar performance to that of the current meters when the dimension of the spatial array is of the order of 1 m. This performance also does not depend on the direction of the incident waves.     

长距离深埋管线的探测效果

介绍了水平定向钻在地下管线施工方面的应用状况;分析了不同埋深直线电流一次电磁场H_x、H_z的归一化异常的分布特征,以及确定地下金属管线的理论依据;提出了对深埋>3m的地下管线探测时应采用的频率、电流、远端接地等提高信噪比的技术对策,及利用水平磁场分量70%法确定管线深度的适用条件;列举了3个长距离、深度>10m过江深埋管线的探测实例,说明方法的有效性。     

核反应堆压力容器精密检测

本文叙述了核电站反应堆大型压力容器几何尺寸检测的一整套精密工程测量技术方法，给出了检测技术工艺流程和主要数据处理模型。     

螺杆钻受控定向钻探技术在强造斜地层中的应用

铲子坪金矿为产于板溪群硅化破碎带中的金矿床,地层陡倾(>85°),蚀变破碎带中有石英岩、硅化岩、碎裂岩,可钻性7—11级,围岩以变质长石石英砂岩、含砾砂质板岩及变质砂岩为主,可钻性5—10级。由于岩层各向异性、软硬互层,常规施工钻孔自然弯曲强烈,表现为钻孔方位顺时针增大、顶角出现下垂,施工9个孔,一类孔仅4个,报废进尺163m。应用螺杆钻受控定向钻探技术施工后,全部钻孔达到一类孔要求,并挽救频临报废钻孔进尺825m,仅此一项节约14.8万元。     

Understanding the spatial distribution of elephant (Loxodonta africana) poaching incidences in the mid-Zambezi Valley,Zimbabwe using Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing

The objective of this study was to understand the factors that explain the spatial distribution of elephant poaching activities in the areas of the mid-Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe using geographic information system (GIS) and remotely sensed data integrated with spatial logistic regression. The results showed that significant (α = 0.05) elephant poaching hot spots are located closer to wildlife protected areas. Results further demonstrated that resource availability (water and forage) are the main factors explaining elephant poaching activities in the mid-Zambezi Valley. For example, the majority of poaching activities were found to occur in areas with high vegetation fractional cover (high forage) and close to waterholes. The results also showed that poaching incidences were more prevalent during the dry season. The findings of this study highlight the significance of integrating GIS, remotely sensed data and spatial logistic regression tools for understanding and monitoring elephant poaching activities. This information is critical if poaching activities are to be minimized and it is also important for planning, monitoring and mitigation of poaching activities in similar protected areas across the sub-Saharan Africa.     

Modelling of the temporal and spatial evolutions of weakly nonlinear random directional waves with the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equations

The temporal and spatial evolutions of nonlinear wave group with an initial Gaussian envelope are theoretically studied under the governing of MNLS equations, demonstrating that the temporal and spatial versions of numerical model are not always consistent in the whole evolution process, particularly in the presence of strong nonlinearity. Moreover, a large set of numerical simulations, performed respectively by these two versions of numerical model, are systematically compared to mechanically generated waves with different initial directional spreading and Benjamin–Feir Index, mainly focusing on the evolution properties of surface elevations such as the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis, the probability density function, and the maximal surface elevation. On the whole, it can be argued that the statistical properties of both numerically simulated wave fields are basically consistent with the laboratory observations.     

Geostatistics applied to best-fit interpolation of orientation data

Automatic methods used in geosciences to interpolate between orientation data have often limited applicability and strength, in particular where large ranges of orientations occur. In this paper, we show that geostatistical methods yield rather strong and powerful results when applied to directional data. The procedure involves the calculation of variograms, followed by a kriging interpolation of the data. In order to free from the circular property of directional data, the treatment of initial angular data sets is performed using scalar values provided by the direction cosines of double-angle values. The strength and application of the method are demonstrated by the analysis of theoretical and natural data sets. Natural examples are focused on the calculation and the analysis of cleavage trajectory maps.     

Pitch-roll buoy mean wave directions from heave acceleration, bow magnetism, and starboard magnetism

This paper describes the refinement of a previously published procedure for estimating Mean Wave Direction using azimuth, pitch, and roll derived from only the bow and starboard components of the earth magnetic field. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this refined procedure, it is applied to sensor time series records taken over a single twenty-minute period aboard a pitch-roll buoy, and results are presented. On the assumption that the method will be verified by additional data, practical means to apply it operationally are outlined.     

分析海浪方向谱的扩展本征矢方法 Ⅱ.方法的验证、比较和应用

采用Longuet－Higgins形式的方向分布函数作为已知谱，用模拟数据检验了作者所提出的估计方法EEV的合理性，并与扩展最大似然方法（EMLM）及Lygre等（1986）的最大熵方法（MEM）作了比较．在验证和比较中，使用纵摇-横摇浮标、星形阵列和CERC阵列作为复合阵列。计算表明，EEV优于EMLM和MEM。最后将EEV和EMLM两种方法应用于仪器阵列的外海观测数据，得到了比较合理的海浪方向谱。