DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF INHERENT CAUSES FOR DEVIATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS

To have a clearer picture of mechanisms responsible for the deviation of tropical cyclone (to be simplified as TC hereafter) tracks, the current work assumes the TC as a circular vortex with a radius of R. A general motion equation of TC is then determined by averaging its horizontal motion equation over the sentire region of TC. In the meantime, with the moving track of TC assumed as a characteristic arc, the curvature equation is derived for the track of movement and patterns of its deviation due to TC structure and variation are discussed. The result shows that the scale, size, maximum wind speed and radius are factors causing the deviation of TC tracks. In addition, asymmetric structure of TC is also important for the deviation of tracks. The results, achieved with hypothesis, agree with facts in some cases but disagree with them in others, which are to be verified with more observations or numerical simulations.     

东秦岭晚白垩世恐龙多样性降低的气候因素

气候与环境变化是影响生物群演化的关键驱动因素,因此研究陆地生态系统所处的古气候与古环境背景对于探讨生物盛衰甚至灭绝具有重要的意义.我国盛产恐龙骨骼和恐龙蛋化石,但迄今对于古气候-环境演化与恐龙种群数量和多样性演化联系的研究相对匮乏.东秦岭地区发育多个晚中生代-早新生代陆相沉积盆地,蕴含大量晚白垩世恐龙骨骼和蛋、新生代哺乳动物化石,是开展古气候与恐龙动物群多样性演化关系,探究恐龙灭绝原因的理想场所.本研究对东秦岭灵宝盆地好阳河剖面开展环境磁学和元素地球化学研究,重建了该区晚白垩世-早始新世期间的化学风化强度和古水文循环过程,以揭示生物-环境协同演化的关系.化学风化强度和磁化率记录表明晚白垩世-早始新世期间灵宝盆地古气候-水文环境发生了三次大的阶段性变化：在约74.4~68.0 Ma,研究区处于水动力较稳定的深湖相沉积环境和逐渐变冷的气候状态;随后68.0~65.8 Ma时期研究区逐渐干旱化,水文波动变强;在65.8~54.7 Ma,区域气候变化强烈,呈现明显增强的干湿水文循环.本研究揭示了古气候-水文环境变化与恐龙种群演化的关系,提出东秦岭地区在晚白垩世末期（约68~66 Ma）的气候干旱化及变强的水文波动可能是驱动该区恐龙动物群多样性降低的主要原因,为深入理解生物-环境协同演化提供了新数据支撑.

     

Impact of Assimilating Radiances with the WRFDA ETKF/3DVAR Hybrid System on Prediction of Two Typhoons in 2012

The impacts of AMSU-A and IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) radiances assimila-tion on the prediction of typhoons Vicente and Saola (2012) are studied by using the ensemble transform ...     

Dinosaur footprint assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation,Khorat Group,northeastern Thailand

The Khok Kruat Formation is the upper part of the Khorat Group, which consists of upper Lower Cretaceous non-marine sedimentary rocks in northeastern Thailand. Many dinosaur footprints have been known from the upper Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Khok Kruat Formation at the Huai Dam Chum (Tha Uthen) site, northeastern Thailand. Approximately 600 tracks occur in thin mudstone layer of the northern part of the outcrop at the Huai Dam Chum track site. Two types of footprints, small-sized theropod and crocodylomorph are imprinted with mud cracks and ripple marks on the thin mud layer. Most of footprints are referred to cf. Asianopodus, and are imprinted by small-sized theropoda, probably ornithomimosauria. Theropod tracks are mainly separated into two groups, Group A and Group B. From ichnological viewpoints, the small-sized theropod track assemblage indicates the herd behaviour and its idiosyncratic group composition. In particular, the histogram of size-frequency measurements of Group A shows the anomalous bimodal distribution. We consider that there are two hypotheses; the first one is due to the male-female difference, and the second is a result of the different growing stage.     

在台风业务系统中使用卫星云导风资料的试验

在国家气象中心台隐数值预报业务系统中引入国家卫星气象中心提供的卫星云导风资料,进行两项预报试验。第一项是把卫星云导风资料作为观测资料进行最优插值客观分析;第二项是将云导风资料加入到轴对称的人造台风模型风场上,使之产生非对称风场。试验结果表明：卫星云导风资料作为观测资料进入模式后对减小台风路径预报误差效果明显;用云导风形成人造台风模型非对称风场可进一步提高台风路径预报精度。     

应用卫星云导风进行台风路径预报试验

在国家气象中心台风数值预报业务系统中引入国家卫星气象中心提供的卫星云导风资料,进行三项预报试验．首先用卫星云导风资料厂正客观分析风场;其次将云导风资料加人到输对称的人造台风模型风场上,使之产生非对称风场、在前两项试验的基础上进行相应的质量场调整,使之形成较协调的客观分析场和非对称的人造台风模型。试验结果表明：卫星云导风资料订正客观分析风场对台风路径预报有明显改进;用云导风形成人造台风模型非对称风场对台风路径预报也有所改进;对订正后的客观分析场进行质量场调整可进一步提高台风路径预报的精度,而对非对称人造台风模型进行质量场调整,对减小台风路径预报误差作用不明显。     

不同业务预报初值形成方案的数值模拟比较

设计了一个适用于同步，双重嵌套模式的ｐ－面水平插值，双非线性正规模初值形成方案。把新方案与国家气象中心的台风路径数值预报准实时业务模式原预报初值形成方案进行了比较。所选台风个例的４８小时数值模拟结果表明，新的预报初值形成方案优于原方案。     

Preservation of dinosaur tracks induced by microbial mats in the Sousa Basin (Lower Cretaceous), Brazil

Dinosaur footprints and tracks in the Sousa Basin (Lower Cretaceous, Brazil) occur in at least 37 localities, in distinct stratigraphic positions. Footprints are rare in the Antenor Navarro (lower) and Rio Piranhas (upper) formations, where lithofacies analyses point to sedimentation in ancient alluvial fan to fluvial braided palaeoenvironments. In the Sousa Formation, the generally finer grain sized sediments rendered them more suitable for footprint preservation, where lithofacies analyses point to sedimentation in warm, small/shallow and temporary lakes, swamps and meandering fluvial palaeoenvironments. Microbially induced sedimentary structures are observed in many of the fine-grained lithofacies where dinosaur tracks are also found, and the large number of these tracks in the Sousa Basin (particularly in the Sousa Formation, Lower Cretaceous) may be related to the role of the mats in their preservation. Observations on recent microbial mats show that footprint morphology is related to the mat thickness and to the water content of the mat and the underlying sediment. In dry mats, generally poorly defined or no footprints are produced, while in saturated ones the imprints are well-defined, sometimes with well-defined displacement rims. The formation of well-defined displacement rims around the prints of large dinosaurs occurs in thick, plastic, moist to water-unsaturated microbial mats on top of moist to water-unsaturated sediment. These aspects are commonly observed in the tracks of the Passagem das Pedras site in the Sousa Basin. The footprint consolidation and its early lithification probably occurred due the existence of microbial mats that allowed a more cohesive substrate, preventing the footprints from erosion. The sediments were initially stabilized by early cementation and by the mat fabric over the tracks. Successive flooding, and subsequent sediment influx allowed the large number of layers with dinosaur tracks and sedimentary structures.     

内蒙古乌拉特中旗恐龙足迹研究

2006年内蒙古地质环境监测院在乌拉特中旗海流图镇西10公里处发现一恐龙足迹化石点。由于恐龙足迹产地的地层研究程度较低,因此这批恐龙足迹的研究在地层年代确定、以及恢复古环境方面具有重大意义。共识别出脊椎动物足迹化石119个,其中大部分为恐龙足迹,包括兽脚类恐龙足迹:玫瑰实雷龙足迹(Eubrontes glenrosensis)、海流图卡岩塔足迹(Kayentapus hailiutuensis ichnosp.nov)和鸟脚类恐龙足迹中型异样龙足迹种(Anomoepus intermedius),以及鳄类足迹的蛙步足迹,其中海流图卡岩塔足迹(Kayentapus hailiutuensisichnosp.nov)为新种。根据足迹形态的对比,推断造迹恐龙分别为兽脚类恐龙中的巨齿龙类(Megalosaurus)和双脊龙类(Dilophosaurus)以及鸟脚类恐龙棱齿龙类(Hypsilophodont)。通过对比发现乌拉特与波兰Opatw附近的Podole地区的早侏罗世的足迹组合十分相似,因此建议将乌拉特中旗海流图的足迹及含足迹地层的年代归入侏罗纪早期。根据对足迹产地附近的地层剖面的研究以及足迹组合中含大量鸟脚类恐龙足迹的事实推断:侏罗纪早期研究区古环境为山涧河流环境,雨量充沛。     

Juvenile specimens of Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore, 1933 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China, with comments on the specific taxonomy of Pinacosaurus

Four juvenile specimens referable to Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ankylosauria: Dinosauria) are described from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) locality Bayan Mandahu in northern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (People’s Republic of China). All the specimens preserve the skulls as well as, in some cases, mandibles, postcrania, and osteoderm. They are not taphonomically deformed by expanding matrix distortion, unlike many Gobi specimens, including the holotype of P. grangeri. Bayan Mandahu is also the type locality for Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus. The proximity in space and time of these two closely related species warrants a generic and specific revision for Pinacosaurus. The distinction of the two species is based on characters of the squamosal dermal elaborations, cranial roof posterior to the orbits, premaxillary notch, and distal margin of the ilium. Although a relatively well-represented ankylosaur taxon, the phylogenetic position of Pinacosaurus has not been unequivocally resolved. A new analysis recovers Pinacosaurus as the most basal member of the Ankylosaurinae.