巢湖近代沉积硅藻种群变化与富营养化过程重建

根据巢湖西部湖心40cm长的沉积柱放射性核素定年和化石硅藻分析,结合长江中下游湖泊硅藻-总磷转换函数模型,重建了其过去200年来硅藻组合演替与湖水总磷浓度变化的历史.研究结果表明,巢湖硅藻经历了从Aulacoseira granulata优势组合(1826-1978年)向耐营养种Cyclostephanos dubius优势组合(1978年以来)变化的两个重要阶段.1978年前,水体总磷浓度在60-75μg/L之间;此后迅速增高(80-100μg/L),为明显的营养富集时期;至2000年以来总磷浓度进一步上升(110μg/L),硅藻组合以Cyclostephanos dubius占绝对优势.硅藻数据的最大变率与总磷浓度的关系反映硅藻生态主要响应于营养富集的变化,但历史时期水动力条件对硅藻种群也有一定影响.20世纪70年代以来,工农业以及生活污水排放是硅藻种群转变和富营养化发生的主要根源,而巢湖闸的建立引起的水文条件的改变也是水体营养富集的诱因.21世纪开始富营养化进一步加重可能与生活污水排放、营养内负荷释放以及增温有关.     

Review of the Analysis and Application of Diatoms in the Marine Sediments

With regard to the analysis and application of diatoms in the marine sediments, diatom purification method, data analysis method and diatom application in environmental reconstruction were summarized. The diatom purification is composed of four main processes (removing calcium carbonate, organic and minerogenic matter, and slide preparation). For each process, frequently used methods and improvements were introduced, while their pros and cons were compared. As to the data analysis, in order to ensure statistical reliability, the essential methods and principles were represented in detail with species identification and counting, data expression and error estimation involved to reduce errors as much as possible. On this basis, the numerical method application was explained for its advantage of improving the accuracy for analysis. The applications of diatom fossils in environmental reconstruction were studied more deeply abroad, including the investigation of relationship between diatom fossils and upper-water environment, the application of diatoms from deeper core sediment for reconstructing oceanic paleoenvironment, tracing salinity and reflecting eutrophication. As far as the deficiency of the domestic research was concerned, multidisciplinary technologies and observational data were suggested to be combined into the study in order to promote the quantitative research of diatom fossils and the accuracy of environmental reconstruction.     

大气CO2浓度升高和施氮对棉田土壤理化性质及微生物区系的影响

针对耕地非农转化过程中产生的一系列社会问题,采用参与性农户调查方法,对西部欠发达地区西宁市郊区5个样本村190户农户进行了随机入户调查。根据城市开发进程、到市区距离和种植类型等条件,将调查样本村分为近郊城区化农村、近郊农村和远郊农村,就农户对耕地非农转换的基本认知及耕地非农转换的经济、社会和环境价值感知进行分析。结果表明:耕地征用后农户能理性感知和判别耕地非农转换价值,并普遍认为失去耕地后生活费用增加、生活保障降低、收入来源和就业机会少;感知主要受耕地数量、区位条件、耕地开发阶段等因素的影响;处于不同区位条件的农户对耕地非农转换的价值感知存在差异性,城区化农户已逐渐适应城市生活,近郊农户的非农转换经济和社会感知压力最大,远郊农民也感知经济和生活保障压力,但更希望能通过打工增加收入。     

An Early Carboniferous Flora of the Huadu Locality from South China: Its Taxonomic Composition,Paleophytogeographical Position and Paleoecological Interpretation

The Huadu flora of Guangdong Province, South China contains the lepidodendrid Lepidodendron shanyangense Wu et He, its putative rhizophore Stigmaria cf. ficoides （Brongniart） Sternberg; sphenophyte s.l. Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus （Brongniart） Stur; bowmanitid Sphenophyllum tenerrimum （Ettingshausen） Stur; pteridophyll Sphenopteris sp. of uncertain taxonomic position; undetermined ferns gen. et sp. nov.; lyginopterid pteridosperm Rhodeopteridium hsianghsiangense （Sze） Zhang, Zhao et Wu, a trigonocarpoid pteridosperm represented by fronds and isolated pinnules of Paripteris gigantea （Sternberg） Gothan, male fructifications of Potoniea sp., and seeds of Trigonocarpus sp. Ecologically, the Early Carboniferous （Visean） Huadu vegetation was divided into two neighboring communities： （1） a near-shore hydrophilous ＂community A＂ with predominating Archaeocalamites and Rhodeopteridium; and （2） a wet forest ＂community B＂ with predominating shrubby trigonocarpalean pteridosperm Paripteris gigantea （Sternberg） Gothan and tall tree-like lepidodendrid Lepidodendron shanyangense Wu et He. The Huadu vegetation was physiognomically similar to present-day low-latitude mangrove forest.     

Early Jurassic Flora and Stratigraphy from Shansonggang of Southern Jilin,China

More than 35 species belonging to 22 genera of fossil plants are recognized by the authors from the Shansonggang flora in the 8hansonggang Basin of Jilin, China. Among them, the coexistence of Coniopteris and Cycadocarpidium demonstrates that the present flora possesses the characters of the early assemblage of Early Jurassic floras in Eurasia. Therefore, the age of the Shansonggang flora is considered the Early Jurassic.This study would be beneficial for better understanding the paleoecological and paleoclimatic characteristics of the Shansonggang Basin. Based mainly on the characters of the flora, the authors suggest that the Lower Jurassic coal-bearing strata, the Shansongang Formation, should namely be renewed.     

Advances in the research on Carboniferous deep‐water marine deposits in western Junggar,northwestern China

Carboniferous deep‐water marine strata have been insufficiently studied in western Junggar, NW China where the deep‐water facies successions have long been disputed in terms of age constraints, sequence and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper introduces some views in the light of new materials obtained from this region in recent years. The presence of the Visean plant fossils from the upper Ta'erbahatai Formation in the Tarbgatay Mountains indicates that the formation can be extended to the Early Carboniferous epoch in age. This unit also displays obvious diachroneity, which is of Late Devonian to Early Tournaisian age in the Saur Mountains and Late Devonian to Visean age in the Tarbgatay Mountains. The Xibeikulasi, Baogutu and Tailegula formations are widely distributed in northwestern Karamay areas. The scouring structures and graded bedding near the boundaries between the three formations confirm the stratal sequence that they were originally assigned, namely the Xibeikulasi, Baogutu and Tailegula formations in ascending order. The ‘fossil chaos’ of the three formations is due to mistaking fossils of other stratigraphic units for fossils of these three formations. After revision, only the Early Carboniferous fossils are considered reliable, and combined with the newly found plant fossils, the Xibeikulasi, Baogutu and Tailegula formations are re‐assigned to the early Visean, late Visean, and latest Visean to Serpukhovian ages, respectively. An extension of the lower Hala'alate Formation was recognized in the southwestern Hala'alate Mountains. The presence of the latest Early Carboniferous brachiopods constrains the Hala'alate Formation as late Serpukhovian to Bashkirian in age, bearing the mid‐Carboniferous boundary. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海南岛长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系

海南岛长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系共计种子植物32科40属,蕨类植物8科11属。分析其中的种子植物区系成分并与海南岛现代植物区系进行对比,结果显示：（1）在科级水平,长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系以泛热带科占优势,为37.5%;热带-亚热带科占6.25%;而亚热带-温带科所占比例相对较高,达到31.25%。海南岛现代植物区系泛热带科高达48.07%,热带-亚热带科的比例也达到18.88%,而亚热带-温带科仅占15.88%。显然,长昌盆地始新世植物区系的组成亚热带性质较强。（2）在属级水平,长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系泛热带属占7.5%;热带-亚热带属占17.5%;而亚热带-温带属多达67.5%。海南岛现代植物区系泛热带属高达23.9%,热带-亚热带属更是高达57.5%,而亚热带-温带属仅占13.7%。对比表明,长昌盆地始新世植物区系明显以亚热带-温带性质为主,甚至出现了很多现今生活在较高海拔的山地植物,如冷杉（Abies）和铁杉（Tsuga）等。科属组成的分析表明,海南岛长昌盆地始新世的气温比现代要低,其周缘地带很可能分布有较高的山地。     

Sucrose Dissolution Studies Leading to a Generic Shrinking Object Model for Batch Dissolution of Regular-Shaped Particles

The dissolution of sieved sucrose crystals has been studied spectrophotometrically by observing the increase in dissolved sucrose concentration with time. Equations recently derived from the shrinking sphere model for the batch dissolution of a solid in under-saturated conditions tested successfully on both single crystal-size and mixtures of two sizes of sucrose crystals. Single-sized crystals provided a straight line for the plot of the fraction of un-dissolved solid to the power one-third, versus time ( vs. t). The dissolution of mixtures of two crystal sizes fitted the non-linear equation tested earlier on sodium chloride in water-propanone mixtures. Together, these two sets of tests on ionic and covalent substances verify that many simple dissolutions will be easily modelled using this physical model based on shrinkage, where the chemical composition of the solids is very much of secondary importance. Consequently, there is an increased chance that the equations will describe the dissolution of biogenic silica in seawater, the problem which originally inspired this study. More than this, though, the equations are discovered to be mathematically generic; very many geometries other than the sphere satisfy the same equations, and the “shrinking object dissolution model” is thereby defined. The approach should also apply even to non-aqueous dissolutions. A prototype plot of shrinking object rate constant (obtained from numerical fitting of the model to sucrose) versus particle size is presented, and it is shown how analogous treatments for other substances will be central to collection and use of much dissolution data in the future. The study is placed in context with much earlier solid phase decomposition studies, concluding that the key characteristic of the simplest of all dissolutions is that the interface between solid and liquid should advance at a uniform linear rate. It is shown how this approach leads to equations of the same mathematical forms already discussed above.     

Flora development in Northeastern Asia and Northern Alaska during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transitional epoch

Study of floral succession from the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary interval in Russian Far East (Zeya-Bureya depression), Northeastern Russia (Koryak Upland), and Northern Alaska (Sagavanirktok River basin) is crucial for better understanding palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographic factors, which controlled events in vegetation evolution at that time. The succession of fossil floras in the Zeya-Bureya depression includes plant assemblages of the Santonian, Campanian, early Danian, Danian, and Danian-Selandian age. The early Danian Boguchan Flora keeps continuity in composition and dominating taxa with the Campanian Late Kundur Flora. The Koryak Flora of the Amaam Lagoon area (Northeastern Russia) is dated as late Maastrichtian based on correlation of plant-bearing beds with marine biostratigraphy, whereas the Early and Late Sagwon floras of Northern Alaska are dated back to the Danian-Selandian and early Paleocene based on palynological and macrofloristic data. The Early Sagwon Flora is most close to the late Maastrichtian Koryak Flora of the Amaam Lagoon area in composition and main dominants, while the Late Sagwon Flora is comparable with the Danian or Danian-(?) Selandian flora from the Upper Tsagayan Subformation of the Amur area. In a florogenic aspect, trans-Beringian plant migrations from northeastern Asia and southern palaeolatitudes of the Far East, which became possible due to Paleocene climate warming in Arctic, have played an important role in forming of the Paleocene floras of Northern Alaska. Floras of the Far East and high latitudes of Asia and North America show no evidence of catastrophic event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Their development was most probably controlled by climate changes, plant evolution and migration.     

Human impacts and eutrophication patterns during the past ~200 years at Lago Grande di Avigliana (N. Italy)

A short sediment core from Lago Grande di Avigliana (Piedmont, Italy), the second most eutrophied lake in Italy, was analysed for pollen and diatoms to reconstruct land-use changes and to estimate baseline conditions for total phosphorus (TP) in the water column. Varve counts on sediment thin-sections and ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, and ¹³⁷Cs dating provided a reliable chronology for the past ~200 years. The main pollen-inferred land-use changes showed a sharp decrease of hemp retting around AD 1900, as well as a gradual change to less intensive agriculture and increasing abundance of exotic plants since AD ~1970. Diatom-inferred TP reconstructions indicated stable TP concentrations until AD ~1950, revealing baseline mesotrophic conditions (TP <25 μg l⁻¹). After AD ~1950, TP values increased distinctly and continuously, culminating in the late 1960s with concentrations of 150 μg l⁻¹. Subsequently, diatoms implied a linear decrease of TP, with an inferred value of 40 μg l⁻¹ in the surface sediment sample. Comparison with instrumental TP measurements from the water column since AD 1980 showed a rapid recovery and allowed a direct validation of the diatom TP inference. However, although the TP concentration has decreased considerably, baseline conditions have not yet been reached. When compared to the limnological effects of sewage discharges on inferred-TP concentration, our results indicated that agricultural land use played a minor role in the lake’s eutrophication.