流体包裹体压力计研究之二:高温高压下碳氢化合物的拉曼光谱

在温度23～315℃、压力高达近2000MPa下用金刚石压腔下研究了正庚烷、环己烷及其混合物的拉曼光谱特征。结果表明：环己烷和正庚烷混合,只是改变了环己烷及正庚烷的平均C-H伸缩振动的拉曼位移,但是并不影响其P-△^-vp关系式。另外,经过数据拟合,得到了平均C-H伸缩振动的拉曼位移与压力的关系为：P=78．21（△^-vp）＋71．56。该公式可以用来作为流体包裹体尤其是油气包裹体的压力计。     

Diamond precipitation from ascending reduced fluids in the Kaapvaal lithosphere: Thermodynamic constraints

Previous research has shown that the Kaapvaal lithospheric mantle is generally reduced and characterised by a decreasing redox state with increasing depth. As a consequence, C-O-H fluids in the Kaapvaal lithospheric mantle are dominated by H₂O, CH₄, and C₂H₆. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that diamond precipitation from such a fluid during ascend is possible as it is exposed to a more oxidised environment and both CH₄ and C₂H₆ are oxidised. However, the calculations also demonstrate that the diamond precipitation potential from such a fluid decreases when: (1) the mantle is either more reduced or oxidised compared to the Kaapvaal mantle, or (2) the change in temperature with pressure is smaller compared to that of the Kaapvaal mantle. Therefore, the presence of reduced mantle fluid species and a generally decreasing oxygen fugacity with increasing depth do not necessarily warrant diamond precipitation from a rising reduced fluid.     

Application of Hydrothermal Diamond Anvil Cell to Homogenization Experiments of Silicate Melt Inclusions

The homogenization of silicate melt inclusions （SMIs）,small droplets of silicate melt trapped in magmatic minerals,is an important component of petrogenetic and magmatic research.Conventional homogenization experiments on SMIs use microscope-mounted heating stages capable of producing high temperatures at 1 atm and cold-seal high-pressure vessels.Heating stages are generally used for SMIs with low internal pressures and allow in situ observations of the homogenization processes.In contrast,cold-seal high-pressure vessels are generally used to heat SMIs that have high internal pressures,although the homogenized SMIs can only be observed after quenching in this approach.Here we outline an alternative approach that uses a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell （HDAC） apparatus to homogenize SMIs.This is the only current method wherein phase changes in high-internal-pressure SMIs can be observed in situ during homogenization experiments,which represents an advantage over other conventional methods.Using an HDAC apparatus prevents high-internal-pressure SMIs from decrepitating during heating by elevating their external pressure,in addition to allowing in situ observations of SMIs.The type-V HDAC that is currently being used has a shorter distance between the sample chamber and the observation window than earlier types,potentially enabling continuous observation of the processes involved in heating and SMI homogenization through an objective lens with a long working distance.Homogenization experiments using HDAC require that a number of steps,including HDAC preparation,sample preparation,sample loading,preheating,and formal heating,be carefully followed.Homogenization experiments on SMIs within granite samples from the Jiajika pegmatite deposit （Sichuan,China） are best performed using an HDAC-based approach,because the elevated proper external pressure of these SMIs,combined with a short heating duration,helps to suppress material leakage and any reactions within the SMIs,in addition to allowing in situ observatio     

Redox state of eclogites and peridotites from sub-cratonic upper mantle and a connection with diamond genesis

Pressure–Temperature- conditions and fluid compositions estimated for mineral parageneses from inclusions in diamonds, diamond-bearing and diamond-free xenoliths using a garnet–clinopyroxene–silica oxygen barometer data indicate that the upper mantle is zoned, with a relatively oxidized lithosphere and a reduced asthenosphere. Calculations in the C–O–H system indicate that eclogite inclusions within diamonds and xenoliths have formed mainly in equilibrium with water-rich fluids.     

八寨火山角砾岩筒浅表难见金刚石原因分析

从岩筒地质特征、组成岩石和矿物的成因类型,对岩浆源区温压条件作出判断,并与含金刚石金伯利岩筒对比,认为该区火山角砾岩筒不完全具备金刚石成矿温压条件。     

共生于同一金刚石中的超镁铁岩与榴辉岩矿物包裹体

辽南５０号金伯利岩管金刚石的包裹体类型一直被认为是以超镁铁岩组合为主。最近，在同一岩管中发现一颗金刚石中有两种组合类型矿物共生：橄榄石，为超镁铁岩型；石榴石，绿辉石，为榴辉岩型组合。化学成分分析还表明，同一矿物的不同颗粒化学成分没有明显变化。根据石榴石与绿辉石的共生组合关系，钙、镁和铁之间的交换，计算其平衡温度为１２０３℃，压力为５×１０￣９Ｐａ。超镁铁岩与榴辉岩包裹体共生，表明该金刚石成生环境的复杂性。很可能是地幔动力学过程或者是幔源岩浆多期多相导致金刚石成生环境的迅速变化。     

西藏罗布莎橄榄岩与中国大陆科学钻探主孔(CCSD-MH)榴辉岩中金刚石的红外特征初探

大别苏鲁超高压变质带上的大陆科学钻探主孔(CCSD-MH)中榴辉岩中的金刚石形成于大陆深俯冲作用过程,西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带罗布莎蛇绿岩铬铁矿中的金刚石来自深部地幔,两者的形成背景和机制可能不同.本文对两地的金刚石样品开展了傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)定性分析.结果表明,西藏罗布莎金刚石样品为ⅠaA型;而CCSD-MH金刚石为ⅠaAB型,既表明其杂质氮的聚集形式和演化路径上存在着差异.红外光谱特征不仅仅表明两者属天然金刚石常见类型,并且超高压变质带中的金刚石形成时间可能更久远.     

Determinism within human–environment research and the rediscovery of environmental causation

The popularity of the work Guns, germs and steel (GGS) has served to bring the question of human–environment connections once again to the forefront of popular thought. We assert that the recent success of GGS represents both a persistence of environmental determinist logic and a contemporary trend that privileges the environment as the primary influence on human–environment relationships. The historical development of the human–environment field is reviewed from the cultural and political ecology (CAPE) perspective, with particular attention to illustrating the varying emphasis between humans and their environment. GGS is situated within this developing field through a critical analysis of the arguments and methods forwarded by Jared Diamond. The book is found to mirror earlier environmental determinism by failing to take into account many of the advances in human–environmental thought since the early twentieth century. Its popular success suggests the pitfalls of failures to acknowledge the complex, intertwined and indivisible relationship that exists among humans and their environment. Furthermore, there is evidence that the environmental determinism espoused in GGS has caught the attention of international development policymakers potentially influencing future outlays of aid and assistance to the developing world. These conclusions raise cautionary flags against repeating past theoretical mistakes by accepting simplistic, causal explanations based largely on a deterministic conception of the natural environment.     

金刚石压腔（DAC）技术及其在地球科学中的应用

近几十年来金刚石压腔（DAC）技术被广泛应用于高温高压实验研究领域,它可以达到550 GPa的压力和6 000 K的温度。与其他静高压实验技术（大压力机、高压釜等）相比,金刚石压腔具有独特的优势,它不仅可以进行极端温压条件下物质的结构性质、相变及状态方程等研究,而且可以原位观测整个实验过程。文中简述了金刚石压腔装置的结构及温压测量方法,然后分别从物质相变、矿物溶解度、流体性质和组成、油气成因、稳定同位素分馏系数和布里渊声学测量等方面简要介绍了金刚石压腔技术在地球科学中的研究进展。随着实验技术的不断发展和更新,金刚石压腔技术将具有更广阔的应用前景。     

Diamond formation episodes at the southern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton: Re–Os systematics of sulfide inclusions from the Jagersfontein Mine

Sulfide inclusions in diamonds from the 90-Ma Jagersfontein kimberlite, intruded into the southern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton, were analyzed for their Re–Os isotope systematics to constrain the ages and petrogenesis of their host diamonds. The latter have δ¹³C ranging between −3.5 and −9.8‰ and nitrogen aggregation states (from pure Type IaA up to 51% total N as B centers) corresponding to time/temperature history deep within the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Most sulfides are Ni-poor ([Ni + Co]/Fe = 0.05–0.25 for 15 of 17 inclusions), have elevated Cu/[Fe + Ni + Co] ratios (0.02–0.36) and elemental Re–Os ratios between 0.5 and 46 (12 of 14 inclusions) typical of eclogitic to more pyroxenitic mantle sources. Re–Os isotope systematics indicate two generations of diamonds: (1) those on a 1.7 Ga age array with initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os_i) of 0.46 ± 0.07 and (2) those on a 1.1 Ga array with ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os_i of 0.30 ± 0.11. The radiogenic initial Os isotopic composition for both generations of diamond suggests that components with high time-integrated Re–Os are involved, potentially by remobilization of ancient subducted oceanic crust and hybridization of peridotite. A single sulfide with higher Os and Ni content but significantly lower ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os hosted in a diamond with less aggregated N may represent part of a late generation of peridotitic diamonds. The paucity of peridotitic sulfide inclusions in diamonds from Jagersfontein and other kimberlites from the Kaapvaal craton contrasts with an overall high relative abundance of diamonds with peridotitic silicate inclusions. This may relate to extreme depletion and sulfur exhaustion during formation of the Kaapvaal cratonic root, with the consequence that in peridotites, sulfide-included diamonds could only form during later re-introduction of sulfur.