Amino Sugars and Their Indicating Role in the Cycling of Organic Matter in Marine Environment

As a kind of marine organic matter with important geochemical characteristics, amino sugars can effectively reflect the source, diagenetic state and mineralization process of organic matter by their concentration and composition in marine environment. This article systematically concluded the research progresses of amino sugars from the aspects of their source, composition and distribution characteristics in marine environment, and the role as a biomarker indicating source and diagenetic state of marine organic matter. The result showed that the macromolecular morphology, the oxygen and nutrient level and the sedimentary environment could affect the reactivity of amino sugars. The higher ratios of glucosamine to galactosamine (GlcN/GalN) and the Total Hydrolysable Amino Acids to Total Hydrolysable Amino Sugars (THAA/THAS) can reflect the fresh planktonic organic matter source and the lower ratios can reflect the conversion from planktonic to bacterial organic matter. The carbon and nitrogen normalized yield of total hydrolysable amino sugars, however, could give contradictory results depending on the relative contribution of the source and degradation degree of organic matter. Muramic acid is suitable to estimate the contribution of relatively fresh bacteria organic matter to particulate and sediment organic matter, but it is not suitable for applying in the dissolved organic matter because of its very low concentration leading from its rapid recycle. It is critical to enhance the research on the contribution of different microorganisms to amino sugars and differentiate the influence of organic matter source and degradation on amino sugars in marine environment. The research on the conversion and fate of amino sugars in marine environment is also needed.     

A review of chlorine and bromine in some United Kingdom coals

In the UK there is a longstanding interest in the Cl content of coals because of the adverse effects associated with high-Cl coals during combustion. An average Cl content of a representative suite of coal samples is 0.44 wt.%, but the range is from near zero to over 1%. Several lines of evidence show that in the high-Cl coals the Cl is associated with the coal moisture and that other sources, such as the silicate minerals, are negligible. Although the Cl is moisture associated there is anion exchange with the organic matter, which means that Cl is less than 100% water- soluble unless the Cl is exchanged with other anion species. This occurs if carbonates are present and calcite in particular. The Cl and Br are closely related and the location within the coal is thought to be common to both. These two elements differ from nearly all other trace elements in UK coals in that they are not present in significant concentrations in the mineral matter or bound within the organic matter. Whereas there is a good understanding of the geochemical behaviour of these other elements this is not the case for Cl and Br in the coal moisture. Chlorine and Br are thought to be conservative elements in the diagenetic evolution of the porewaters, in which an original marine depositional imprint could have been preserved. In some areas the porewaters may have fully evolved pre-Permian, whereas in other areas the diagenetic evolution could be much longer.     

胶东三佛山花岗岩的成因:成岩物理化学条件、锆石U-Pb年代学及Sr-Nd同位素约束

三佛山花岗岩出露于华北克拉通东缘,其成岩物理化学条件、矿物学特征及准确的侵位年龄仍缺乏系统研究,暗色微粒包体与寄主岩石关系尚不明确,而这些问题的解决对于约束其成因至关重要。本文利用角闪石全Al压力计、黑云母Ti温度计,角闪石-黑云母矿物对温压计及全岩主、微量和锆石U-Pb年龄数据,限定了三佛山花岗岩岩石类型、侵位时代及成岩物理化学条件。此外,测试并收集了大量胶东地区早白垩世侵入体的Sr-Nd及锆石Hf-O同位素数据,综合此次矿物化学研究的新认识,探讨了三佛山花岗岩的岩浆源区和岩石成因。通过角闪石全Al压力计及角闪石-黑云母压力计得到其就位压力2.20kbar;采用角闪石全Al温度计、黑云母Ti温度计,得到的结晶温度为730~680℃。LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测试结果表明三佛山花岗岩侵位于119.6~114.2Ma。根据其地球化学特征,结合区域上年代学、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究成果,判定其为I型花岗岩,发育的暗色微粒包体及基性脉岩也应该是同时期的产物,并且局部可能存在岩浆混合作用。花岗岩属富钾-钙碱性花岗岩类(KCG),为挤压造山转变成伸展构造背景下的产物;其较高的初始Sr同位素比值和比较低的ε_(Nd)(t)值,全岩Nd两阶段模式年龄t_(2DM)(2447~2143Ma)等均指示源区主体为重熔的古元古代华南板块中下地壳。     

Labile barite contents and dissolved barium concentrations on Blake Ridge: New perspectives on barium cycling above gas hydrate systems

Blake Ridge hosts an extensive gas hydrate system where escaping CH₄ is consumed through anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) at a sulfate–methane transition (SMT) in shallow sediment. Previous geochemical work on ridge crest sediment has documented Ba fronts above the SMT, and has suggested that these horizons can be used to constrain the evolution of the SMT and AOM over time. We expand on this concept and further test it by determining the labile Ba contents of sediment and the dissolved Ba²⁺ concentrations of pore waters at four ODP sites on Blake Ridge (on the crest at Sites 994, 995 and 997, and on the southern flank at Site 1059). Labile Ba contents are fairly low at all four sites (0.44 and 1.32 mmol/kg), except within 3 m above the SMT at Sites 994, 995 and 997, where they typically exceed 1.24 mmol/kg and can reach 11.3 mmol/kg. These Ba fronts have a diagenetic origin, and SEM analyses show them to be composed of microcrystalline barite. Site 1059 lacks a prominent Ba front. The lowest labile Ba contents generally underlie the Ba fronts and correlate to the base of the SMT. Dissolved Ba²⁺ concentrations are low (< 1–4 μM) from the seafloor to within 2 m above the main Ba front. Below this depth, they rapidly increase at Sites 994, 995, and 1059, reaching peak concentrations (to 57 μM) at the base of the SMT. By contrast, a rapid rise in dissolved Ba²⁺ is not observed at Site 997. Dissolved Ba²⁺ concentrations are only moderately high (10–25 μM) below the SMT at all four sites. Collectively, this information supports a diagenetic model where barite passing into the SMT dissolves, and some of the dissolved Ba²⁺ then migrates up to form an authigenic barite peak. The contrasting signatures at the different sites indicate non-steady-state differences in the overall process. The size of the peaks on the crest of Blake Ridge necessitates that the recycling of Ba across the SMT has been operating at the current sub-bottom depths for > 100 kyr. Thus, CH₄ escaping through the AOM has likely been fairly constant over this time. It is possible that the SMT is currently rising toward the seafloor at Site 1059.     

赣北大湖塘钨矿成岩成矿物质来源的矿物学和同位素示踪研究

赣北大湖塘超大型钨矿位于九岭钨多金属矿集区东部。本文对大湖塘钨矿石门寺矿段矿物学特征进行了系统的研究,结合同位素示踪分析了成岩成矿物质来源。岩相学研究表明,石门寺矿段蚀变以黑云母化、云英岩化及碱交代(钾长石化、钠长石化)作用为主。黑云母化的过程中释放了一定量的挥发分,云英岩化和碱交代作用除萃取部分的成矿物质外,使岩体中的Ca2+大量活化迁移。晋宁晚期黑云母花岗闪长岩与燕山中期似斑状花岗岩、花岗斑岩矿物成分研究表明:(1)斜长石普遍富钠,似伟晶岩壳主晶为钾长石,客晶为钠长石;(2)黑云母具有富铁贫镁的特点,黑云母花岗闪长岩及似斑状花岗岩中的黑云母均为铁质黑云母,花岗斑岩中黑云母为铁叶云母。黑云母成分指示大湖塘石门寺矿段花岗岩类均为过铝质S型花岗岩,成岩物质均为壳源。石英氢、氧同位素及黑钨矿氧同位素研究表明成矿流体为岩浆水。黄铜矿、辉钼矿硫同位素表明成矿流体中硫来自于岩浆。结合前人研究成果,本文认为富钨的双桥山群浅变质岩在燕山中期发生了部分熔融,产生了高分异的富含钨元素及挥发分的岩浆,岩浆分异演化过程中形成的含矿热液使侵入体自身及围岩发生大规模的蚀变作用,进而在燕山中期侵入岩的内外接触带形成了大湖塘超大型钨多金属矿床。     

Diagenetic Sequences Analysis of Fuyu Reservoir in Qijia-Gulong Depression,Northern Songliao Basin

Five paragenetic associations are recognized in Fuyu reservoir of Qijia - gulong depression of Daqing oil field: 1) detrital illite permeation, glauconite and pyrite precipitation; 2) feldspar dissolution, kaolinite precipitation and the incipient quartz overgrowths; 3) early calcite cements; 4) postdate quartz overgrowths and pore - filling quartz, authigenetic illite and chlorite formation, feldspar overgrowths, petroleum injections, K - feldspar and calcite cement dissolution; 5) pore - filling calcite and calcite replacement.     

Geochemical behaviour and relative mobility of metals (Mn, Cd, Zn and Pb) in recent sediments of a retention pond along the A-71 motorway in Sologne, France

 Retention ponds have been dug along some of the motorways in France to minimize environmental pollution by keeping pollutants from spreading over the surrounding area. In the current work, eight core samples were collected from the bottom of a retention pond located along the A-71 motorway in Sologne to study the pollution of sediment by heavy metals and their diagenetic behaviour. The vertical concentration profiles of metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe and Mn) in sediment as well as in interstitial water were determined. Especially in the case of the sediment, a sequential extraction method was employed to investigate how the movement of each metal is associated with the other metals and with other solid phases such as organic matter. In addition, to investigate the relative mobility of the metals, the distribution coefficients (K_D) were also determined. The concentrations of the metals were always found to be highest in the topmost layer of sediment. This so-called surface enrichment is caused by a substantial increase of the non-detrital fraction of these metals at the sediment surface. For instance, the accumulation of Pb and Zn is associated with the increase in the "fraction II" in the sequential extraction. The accumulation of Cd at the surface (0–2 cm) is partly due to the liberation of Cd from the particles during early diagenesis. However, the major factor contributing to the accumulation of Cd at the sediment surface is attributed to the dissolution of Cd from polluted roadside soil during the periods of rainstorms and its subsequent redeposition on the sediment surface after being carried to the retention pond. K_D values for Zn and Cd were found to decrease with depth, while K_D values for Pb increased. Based on the K_D values, the relative mobilities of the studied metals were determined to be as follows: Mn>Zn>Cd>Pb, for the upper layer, and Mn>Cd>Zn>Pb, for the layers below. Received: 28 October 1996 / Accepted: 21 November 1996     

Hyperspectral image analysis of different carbonate lithologies (limestone,karst and hydrothermal dolomites): the Pozalagua Quarry case study (Cantabria,North‐west Spain)

Ground‐based hyperspectral imaging combined with terrestrial lidar scanning is a novel technique for outcrop analysis, which has been applied to Early and Late Albian carbonates of the Pozalagua Quarry (Cantabrian Mountains, Spain). An image processing workflow has been developed for differentiating limestone from dolomite, providing additional sedimentary and diagenetic information, and the possibility to quantitatively delineate diagenetic phases in an accurate way. Spectral absorption signatures can be linked to specific sedimentary or diagenetic products, such as recent and palaeokarst, hydrothermal karst, (solution enlarged) fractures and different dolomite types. Some of the spectral signatures are related to iron, manganese, organic matter, clay and/or water content. Ground‐truthing accessible parts of the quarry showed that the classification based on hyperspectral image interpretation was very accurate. This technique opens the possibility for quantitative data evaluation on sedimentary and diagenetic features in inaccessible outcrops. This study demonstrates the potential of ground‐based imaging spectroscopy to provide information about the chemical–mineralogical distribution in outcrops, which could otherwise not be established using conventional field methods.     

Modelling of rock alteration due to coupled heat and mass transport

 A three-dimensional computer model is presented for studying the interaction of heat and mass transport regarding the temporal and spatial evolution of sandstones. The model simulates coupled heat and reactive mass transport in porous rocks. In general, mineral solubilities in water are low. Therefore, large fluid volumes are required to flow through the rock to explain observed mineral cements in sandstones. Besides mass transport, pore fluids transport heat which modifies rock temperatures. Very high flow rates result in strong temperature modifications and, therefore, enhance diagenesis. Low flow rates often cannot account for observed cementation. The model results show the effect of advective, convective and conductive heat transport on temperature and diagenetic evolution of sandstones for two different flow systems in a simple geological environment. Received: 6 August 1996/Accepted: 18 December 1996     

差异性成岩过程对百口泉组砂砾岩岩石物理特征的影响

现有针对储层岩石地震岩石物理性质的研究通常不考虑地质过程的影响,致使研究结果缺乏明确的地质意义,制约了储层地震预测和评价的效果.本文通过对玛湖凹陷百口泉组砂砾岩岩石物理性质的测量,并结合岩石学特征分析及沉积环境的划分,在沉积环境与成岩石作用过程框架下分析岩石物理特征的变化规律.研究结果表明,不同微相砂砾岩初始沉积物矿物组成影响了后期成岩过程,差异性的成岩过程形成不同的岩石微观结构特征.三角洲平原辫状河道与泥石流微相砂砾岩塑性组分含量较高,在机械压实阶段已致密化,成岩作用主要表现为成岩早期的淡水渗滤黏土与火山碎屑蚀变黏土的岩屑颗粒包裹式胶结,具有以塑性黏土作为岩石受力骨架的特征.三角洲前缘砂坝与水下分流河道砂砾岩中刚性花岗岩岩屑、石英以及长石的含量较高,机械压实作用相对较弱,原生粒间孔隙保存较好,同时溶蚀孔隙也较发育;砂砾岩成岩作用表现为从前缘砂坝微相的硅质胶结为主转变为水下分流河道微相的硅质+黏土胶结,具有以刚性石英或石英+黏土作为岩石受力骨架的特征.前缘碎屑流砂砾岩样品则表现为快速堆积的钙质基底式胶结,以钙质胶结物作为岩石受力骨架.由砂砾岩颗粒微观接触特征(胶结特征)所决定的岩石受力骨架控制了宏观岩石物理性质变化规律,表现为具有相同颗粒边界力学特征的微相样品具有一致的速度-密度、纵波速度-横波速度以及孔隙度-速度变化关系,也造成不同微相样品在纵、横波速度比及电阻率值上具有明显的差异,具有分区分布的特征,速度比与电阻率可作为百口泉组砂砾岩储层评价的敏感岩石物理参数.研究结果可为该组砂砾岩储层的测井解释和“甜点”地震预测提供依据,并可作为示例形成在地质过程中研究岩石物理特征演化的新方法.