准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系地层超压成因机制——以东道海子北凹陷为例

准噶尔盆地腹部地区侏罗系地层超压普遍发育,超压层段与声波时差、电阻率两者之间具有较好的响应关系,尤以电阻率响应最为显著,超压层段声波时差表现为异常高值,电阻率为异常低值的特征。利用准噶尔盆地腹部地区大量测井、测试及相关地质资料综合论述超压成因,指出泥岩和砂岩中发育的超压并非由压实不均衡、构造挤压等作用导致,而主要由生烃作用造成的。研究表明有以下几方面主要证据：1）超压泥岩密度不具有异常低值特征;2）超压段泥岩密度与岩石颗粒垂直有效应力之间不存在线性关系;3）超压砂岩不存在异常高地温梯度现象;4）超压顶界面深度范围为3 800～4 300 m,侏罗系烃源岩现今成熟度（Ro%）范围为0.6%～0.9%,温度范围分布在90 ℃～125 ℃;5）超压层段的侏罗系烃源岩现今生烃转化率最高可达70%,现今平均生油率可达90 mg/g·TOC,仍具有较强的生烃能力;6）泥质烃源岩本身对超压具有很好的封闭作用;7）侏罗系烃源岩内发育大量低角度或高角度微裂缝;8）超压储层主要以油层为主,无水层,准噶尔盆地东道海子北凹陷砂岩中超压主要是通过烃源岩中排出的高压流体运移至储层发生超压传递的结果。     

成都粘土裂隙成因研究

根据成都粘土中裂隙特征与地质环境条件的分析，提出成都粘土中途中眩要裂隙类型的成因模式，上升剥蚀引起的垂向卸荷作用产生波状水平裂隙，冲沟切割引起的侧向卸荷作用，产生平行斜列隙裂。     

塔西南坳陷碎屑储集岩成岩环境及成岩作用类型

碎屑储集岩的成岩环境是控制成岩作用类型的主要因素。根据有机质演化特征、古地温和孔隙介质的酸碱性特征,可将其划分为酸性和碱性两种成岩环境。酸性成岩环境主要分布在早成岩阶段Ａ、Ｂ期和晚成岩阶段Ａ期,古地温＜９０℃,镜煤反射率ＲＯ值在０．５％～１．３％,其所控制的成岩作用包括压实、压溶作用,胶结作用和溶解作用。碱性成岩环境主要分布在晚成岩阶段Ｂ期以后,这时古地温达到９０℃以上,ＲＯ为１．３％～２％,主要成岩作用类型包括强烈的晚期含铁碳酸岩交代作用、自生伊利石和自生绿泥石沉淀作用、陆源伊利石重结晶成绢云母、高岭石向伊利石或绿泥石转变以及构造应力作用等。不同成岩环境中由于成岩作用组合特征的不同,导致碎屑储集岩的结构和孔隙组合特征上的差异,从而影响了储层的储集性能     

丘陵油田侏罗系成岩作用与储层物性条件分析

利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性和Ｘ－衍射分析资料,综合分析研究了吐鲁番－哈密盆地丘陵油田的油气储集层特征．侏罗系河道砂体和三角洲前缘砂体构成了丘陵地区主要的油气储集层．砂岩储层的储集空间包括粒间孔隙、残余粒间孔隙、溶蚀粒间孔隙、溶蚀粒内孔隙、填隙物内孔隙和裂缝孔隙．次生溶蚀孔隙和裂缝孔隙改善了砂岩储集层的孔隙结构．     

Earthquakes and soil liquefaction in flood stories of the ancient Near East

Flood stories in the Hebrew Bible and the Koran appear to be derived from earlier flood stories like those in the Gilgamesh Epic and still earlier in the Atrahasis. All would have their source from floods of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

The Gilgamesh Epic magnifies the catastrophe by having the flood begin with winds, lightning, and a shattering of the earth, or earthquake. Elsewhere in Gilgamesh, an earthquake can be shown to have produced pits and chasms along with gushing of water. It is commonly observed that earthquake shaking causes water to gush from the ground and leaves pits and open fissures. The process is known as soil liquefaction. Earthquake is also a possible explanation for the verse “all the fountains of the great deep (were) broken up” that began the Flood in Genesis. Traditionally, the “great deep” was the ocean bottom. A more recent translation substitutes “burst” for “broken up” in describing the fountains, suggesting that they erupted at the ground surface and were caused by an earthquake with soil liquefaction. Another relation between soil liquefaction and the Flood is found in the Koran where the Flood starts when “water gushed forth from the oven”. Soil liquefaction observed erupting preferentially into houses during an earthquake provides a logical interpretation if the oven is seen as a tiny house. A case can be made that earthquakes with soil liquefaction are embedded in all of these flood stories.     

阿尔金南缘中段清水泉斜长花岗岩同位素年龄及成因研究

阿尔金南缘清水泉地区与基性-超基性岩伴生的花岗岩为斜长花岗岩。岩石地球化学显示该花岗岩高硅、富铝和钠,低镁和钾;轻稀土富集,具有Eu的正异常(δEu为1.01~2.01)。岩石富Rb、Ba,特别高Sr(779×10-6~864×10-6),低Y(1.17×10-6~1.51×10-6)及Yb(0.15×10-6~0.20×10-6),强烈亏损Nb、Ta等。斜长花岗岩锆石振荡环带清晰,Th/U和Nb/Ta比值分别为0.38~0.52,2.92~5.04;具有明显的Ce正异常和Eu负异常,为典型的岩浆锆石,利用LA-ICP-MS微区原位定年获得该花岗岩206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U谐和年龄为465Ma,206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为451±4Ma。锆石饱和温度计和锆石Ti温度计演算结果显示锆石的结晶温度分别为783~811℃和693~821℃。推测花岗岩源区压力范围为1.8~2.0GPa,形成深度在60km以上。综合分析清水泉花岗岩主、微量元素地球化学特征,并结合区域地质,认为该花岗岩属"I"型花岗岩,由地幔基性岩浆上侵分异形成,产于伸展环境。     

贵州省安龙县戈塘镇大海子岩溶洪涝的治理及其工程意义

贵州岩溶石山区岩溶洪涝洼地发育、内涝灾害造成了大量的耕地破。查明洪涝洼地成因并有效进行治理,对防灾减灾、生态环境治理、促进石山区经济社会发展具有重大意义。本文阐述了大海子岩溶洪涝的特征及其危害,探讨了洪涝洼地的成因,有针对性地提了治理方案。可为同类型治理工程提供借鉴。     

云南会泽铅锌矿喷流沉积成因研究

会泽铅锌矿床的成因认识各异,曾认为是沉积—改造层控型矿床。研究前人资料、结合亲历找矿实践,讨论该矿床另一种不同的成矿方式。研究矿床地质、地球化学、同位素组成、包裹体、方铅矿年龄测定和成矿温度测试等表明:会泽铅锌矿属海底热卤水喷流沉积—改造层控型矿床,与芒特—艾萨型热卤水喷流沉积层控矿床类似。     

The geochemistry of gem opals as evidence of their origin

Seventy-seven gem opals from ten countries were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) through a dilution process, in order to establish the nature of the impurities. The results are correlated to the mode of formation and physical properties and are instrumental in establishing the geographical origin of a gem opal. The geochemistry of an opal is shown to be dependant mostly on the host rock, at least for examples from Mexico and Brazil, even if modified by weathering processes. In order of decreasing concentration, the main impurities present are Al, Ca, Fe, K, Na, and Mg (more than 500 ppm). Other noticeable elements in lesser amounts are Ba, followed by Zr, Sr, Rb, U, and Pb. For the first time, geochemistry helps to discriminate some varieties of opals. The Ba content, as well as the chondrite-normalized REE pattern, are the keys to separating sedimentary opals (Ba > 110 ppm, Eu and Ce anomalies) from volcanic opals (Ba < 110 ppm, no Eu or Ce anomaly). The Ca content, and to a lesser extent that of Mg, Al, K and Nb, helps to distinguish gem opals from different volcanic environments. The limited range of concentrations for all elements in precious (play-of-color) compared to common opals, indicates that this variety must have very specific, or more restricted, conditions of formation. We tentatively interpreted the presence of impurities in terms of crystallochemistry, even if opal is a poorly crystallized or amorphous material. The main replacement is the substitution of Si⁴⁺ by Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺. The induced charge imbalance is compensated chiefly by Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ba²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺. In terms of origin of color, greater concentrations of iron induce darker colors (from yellow to “chocolate brown”). This element inhibits luminescence for concentrations above 1000 ppm, whereas already a low content in U (≤ 1 ppm) induces a green luminescence.     

Origin and evolution of the Steamboat Springs siliceous sinter deposit, Nevada, U.S.A.

Siliceous hot spring deposits from Steamboat Springs, Nevada, U.S.A., record a complex interplay of multiple, changing, primary environmental conditions, fluid overprinting and diagenesis. Consequently these deposits reflect dynamic geologic and geothermal processes. Two surface sinters were examined—the high terrace, and the distal apron-slope, as well as 13.11 m (43 ft) of core material from drill hole SNLG 87-29. The high terrace sinter consists of vitreous and massive-mottled silica horizons, while the distal deposit and core comprise dominantly porous, indurated fragmental sinters. Collectively, the three sinter deposits archive a complete sequence of silica phase diagenetic minerals from opal-A to quartz. X-ray powder diffraction analyses and infrared spectroscopy of the sinters indicate that the distal apron-slope consists of opal-A and opal-A/CT mineralogy; the core yielded opal-A/CT and opal-CT with minor opal-A; and the high terrace constitutes opal-C, moganite, and quartz. Mineralogical maturation of the deposit produced alternating nano–micro–nano-sized silica particle changes. Based on filament diameters of microbial fossils preserved within the sinter, discharging thermal outflows fluctuated between low-temperatures (< 35 °C, coarse filaments) and mid-temperatures ( 35–60 °C, fine filaments). Despite transformation to quartz, primary coarse and fine filaments were preserved in the high terrace sinter. AMS ¹⁴C dating of pollen from three horizons within core SNLG 87-29, from depths of 8.13 to 8.21 m (26′8″ to 26′11″), 10.13 to 10.21 m (33′3″ to 33′6″), and 14.81 to 14.88 m (48′7″ to 48′10″), yielded dates of 8684 ± 64 years, 11,493 ± 70 years and 6283 ±60 years, respectively. In the upper section of the core, the stratigraphically out-of-sequence age likely reflects physical mixing of younger sinter with quartzose sinter fragments derived from the high terrace. Within single horizons, mineralogical and morphological components of the sinter matrix were spatially patchy. Overall, the deposit was modified by sub-surface flow of alkali-chloride thermal fluids depositing a second generation of silica, and periodically, by acidic steam condensate formed during periods when the water table was low. Local faulting produced considerable fracturing of the sinter. Hence, the Steamboat Springs sinter experienced a complex history of primary and secondary hydrothermal, geologic and diagenetic events, and their inter-relationships and effects are locked within the physical, chemical and biological signatures of the deposit.