安徽无为-巢湖地区中下二叠统碳酸盐岩成岩作用

成岩作用控制孔隙演化,对油气开采具有重要的指示作用.安徽无为-巢湖地区中下二叠统碳酸盐岩广泛发育,有机质丰富,多年来主要集中在地层、古生物及沉积相方面的研究,成岩作用的工作较少.镜下鉴定显示研究区发育溶解作用、去白云化作用、压溶作用、破裂作用4种主要的建设性成岩作用和泥晶化作用、压实作用、胶结作用、白云化作用、硅化作用...     

松辽盆地北部泉三、四段储层物性影响因素分析

发育于泉头组三、四段的扶余油层和杨大城子油层是松辽盆地的主力油层之一,该油层低孔特低渗的物性特征制约了扶杨油层的勘探开发.为了研究松辽盆地北部泉三、四段储层物性的影响因素和低渗透储层的成因,本文以12 062组实测孔隙度和渗透率数据为基础,讨论了泉三、四段的物性影响因素.结果表明,总体上影响泉三、四段储层物性的主要因素...     

Composition, porosity, and reservoir potential of the Middle Jurassic Kashafrud Formation, northeast Iran

In the Kopet-Dagh Basin of Iran, deep-sea sandstones and shales of the Middle Jurassic Kashafrud Formation are disconformably overlain by hydrocarbon-bearing carbonates of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous age. To explore the reservoir potential of the sandstones, we studied their burial history using more than 500 thin sections, supplemented by heavy mineral analysis, microprobe analysis, porosity and permeability determination, and vitrinite reflectance.The sandstones are arkosic and lithic arenites, rich in sedimentary and volcanic rock fragments. Quartz overgrowths and pore-filling carbonate cements (calcite, dolomite, siderite and ankerite) occluded most of the porosity during early to deep burial, assisted by early compaction that improved packing and fractured quartz grains. Iron oxides are prominent as alteration products of framework grains, probably reflecting source-area weathering prior to deposition, and locally as pore fills. Minor cements include pore-filling clays, pyrite, authigenic albite and K-feldspar, and barite. Existing porosity is secondary, resulting largely from dissolution of feldspars, micas, and rock fragments, with some fracture porosity. Porosity and permeability of six samples averages 3.2% and 0.0023 mD, respectively, and 150 thin-section point counts averaged 2.7% porosity. Reflectance of vitrinite in eight sandstone samples yielded values of 0.64-0.83%, in the early mature to mature stage of hydrocarbon generation, within the oil window.Kashafrud Formation petrographic trends were compared with trends from first-cycle basins elsewhere in the world. Inferred burial conditions accord with the maturation data, suggesting only a moderate thermal regime during burial. Some fractures, iron oxide cements, and dissolution may reflect Cenozoic tectonism and uplift that created the Kopet-Dagh Mountains. The low porosity and permeability levels of Kashafrud Formation sandstones suggest only a modest reservoir potential. For such tight sandstones, fractures may enhance the reservoir potential.     

Microfacies and diagenesis of older Pleistocene (pre‐last glacial maximum) reef deposits,Great Barrier Reef,Australia (IODP Expedition 325): A quantitative approach

During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 325, 34 holes were drilled along five transects in front of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, penetrating some 700 m of late Pleistocene reef deposits (post‐glacial; largely 20 to 10 kyr bp ) in water depths of 42 to 127 m. In seven holes, drilled in water depths of 42 to 92 m on three transects, older Pleistocene (older than last glacial maximum, >20 kyr bp ) reef deposits were recovered from lower core sections. In this study, facies, diagenetic features, mineralogy and stable isotope geochemistry of 100 samples from six of the latter holes were investigated and quantified. Lithologies are dominated by grain‐supported textures, and were to a large part deposited in high‐energy, reef or reef slope environments. Quantitative analyses allow 11 microfacies to be defined, including mixed skeletal packstone and grainstone, mudstone‐wackestone, coral packstone, coral grainstone, coralline algal grainstone, coral‐algal packstone, coralline algal packstone, Halimeda grainstone, microbialite and caliche. Microbialites, that are common in cavities of younger, post‐glacial deposits, are rare in pre‐last glacial maximum core sections, possibly due to a lack of open framework suitable for colonization by microbes. In pre‐last glacial maximum deposits of holes M0032A and M0033A (>20 kyr bp ), marine diagenetic features are dominant; samples consist largely of aragonite and high‐magnesium calcite. Holes M0042A and M0057A, which contain the oldest rocks (>169 kyr bp ), are characterized by meteoric diagenesis and samples mostly consist of low‐magnesium calcite. Holes M0042A, M0055A and M0056A (>30 kyr bp ), and a horizon in the upper part of hole M0057A, contain both marine and meteoric diagenetic features. However, only one change from marine to meteoric pore water is recorded in contrast with the changes in diagenetic environment that might be inferred from the sea‐level history. Values of stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon are consistent with these findings. Samples from holes M0032A and M0033A reflect largely positive values (δ¹⁸O: ?1 to +1‰ and δ¹³C: +1 to +4‰), whereas those from holes M0042A and M0057A are negative (δ¹⁸O: ?4 to +2‰ and δ¹³C: ?8 to +2‰). Holes M0055A and M0056A provide intermediate values, with slightly positive δ¹³C, and negative δ¹⁸O values. The type and intensity of meteroric diagenesis appears to have been controlled both by age and depth, i.e. the time available for diagenetic alteration, and reflects the relation between reef deposition and sea‐level change.     

Modern halite sedimentation processes and depositional environments,Hutt Lagoon,Western Australia

Abstract

Contemporary layered halite in the Hutt Lagoon, Western Australia, forms distinct precipitational and clastic fades, which are ascribed to seasonal ponding and playa development in the lagoon respectively. Field and laboratory documentation of the halite types and monitoring of surface water chemistry for several annual hydrologic cycles indicate that following evaporative concentration of ponded seawater halite layers, characterized by zoned and clear halite crystal varieties, are developed. During early stages of annual playa development, vadose solution and precipitation appear to be most active within and above the capillary fringe zone, causing diagenetic modification of the halite textures, fabrics and structures. Ultimately, clastic halite facies are produced by wind reworking of the earlier deposits, in response to progressive evaporative drawdown of the brine level in the main depression area of the lagoon.

The co-existence of the halite precipitates and clastites is related to a dynamic equilibrium in the water budget of the Hutt Lagoon. This equilibrium is best exemplified by limitation of brine level fluctuations to a narrow repetitive zone. Identification of similar early diagenetic features, such as vadose solution, precipitation, overgrowth, replacement and mechanical reworking of surface halite sediments, in ancient evaporite deposits may aid in a better understanding of the role of brine level fluctuation on genesis and diagenesis of subaqueous/subaerial halite.     

云南祥云马厂箐斑岩微量元素与稀土元素特征

马厂箐斑岩体与铜、钼、金等多金属矿成矿关系密切.斑岩体微量元素与稀土元素显示斑岩体物质来源具有壳幔混合特征.     

川东三叠系飞仙关组白云岩锶含量、锶同位素组成与白云石化流体

川东飞仙关组白云岩包括微晶白云岩、具原始结构的粒屑白云岩和结晶白云岩等3种主要的结构类型,其中结晶白云岩是重要的天然气储集岩。根据白云岩的锶舍量和锶同位素组成,结合相关岩石学和地球化学资料,本文研究了白云石化过程中锶的迁移和相应的同位素变化。三种类型白云岩具有类似的锶含量,但其(87)~Sr/(86)~Sr 比值均不同程度地高于同期海水值,锶在白云石和方解石(或文石)中分配系数的差别是影响白云石化过程中白云石锶含量最为重要的因素。不同流体中锶的混合方程计算表明:如果白云石化流体是大气淡水和海水的混合流体,则结晶白云岩的白云石化流体相当于94%的大气淡水和6%的海水混合,具原始结构的粒屑白云岩的白云石化流体相当于81%的大气淡水和19%的海水混合,微晶白云岩的白云石化流体相当于92%的大气淡水和8%的海水混合。但极低的锰含量、相对较高的锶含量和包裹体均一化温度等资料均不支持有94%的大气淡水参与了结晶白云岩的白云石化作用,其白云石化流体应是埋藏成岩过程中囚禁的近同期、但是非同期的海源流体,其来源可能与埋藏成岩过程中该时间段蒸发盐的溶解有关。锰含量、锶含量、(87)~Sr/(86)~Sr 比值都表明具原始结构的粒屑白云岩和微晶白云岩的白云石化过程都存在大气淡水的介入,微晶白云岩的白云石化可能与潮坪环境的蒸发泵机理有关;具原始结构的粒屑白云岩的白云石化可能与混合水白云石化作用有关,这类白云岩分布于向上浅滩化旋回滩体的顶部,这是埋藏前或浅埋藏阶段大气淡水与海水混合白云石化作用最容易发生地带。     

Redox status and heavy metal risk in intertidal sediments in NW Spain as inferred from the degrees of pyritization of iron and trace elements

Mariculture is an important economic activity in shallow marine areas of the Rías Baixas (Galicia, NW Spain). The maintenance of high product quality requires surveillance of environmental quality, including the risk of metal toxicity. In this study the redox status of intertidal sediments in the Bay of San Simón, and the risk of toxicity posed by their As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn contents, were evaluated by determination of operationally defined reactive, silicate-bound, organic and pyrite-related fractions of these elements and of Fe. The large silicate-bound fractions of most of these metals indicate their lithogenic origin; the main exception is Pb, which in all respects exhibits singular behaviour associated with its predominantly anthropogenic origin in a ceramics factory. In sediments with larger fine-grained particle contents, which are oxic only in the top few centimetres, greater proportions of the trace elements are present as sulphides or associated with sulphide minerals: the degree of pyritization of Fe (DOP) is 46% overall, and the pyrite fraction of some elements doubtless increases at the expense of the reactive fraction, most overall degrees of trace metal pyritization (DTMPs) lying in the range 10-50%. A decline in pyrite genesis at depths below about 18 cm in these sediments is attributed to the exhaustion of organic matter susceptible to metabolization by sulphide-generating bacteria. In coarse-grained, oxic sediments the oxidation of sulphides makes pyrite-related fractions very small, and reactive and silicate-bound fractions are negatively correlated; reactive fractions associated with Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides are large, and DOP and DTMPs are low (generally much lower than in mud-rich sediments), except for Pb. Most of the elements studied are mainly present in forms that are neither bioavailable nor potentially bioavailable, and so do not constitute a significant environmental threat. However, the high DTMPs of Cu and Pb indicate significant potential bioavailability, which should be taken into account in evaluations of environmental quality and the risk to bivalve cultures.     

Cadmium distribution in coastal sediments and mollusks of the US

Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the coastal United States were assessed using the National Status and Trends (NS&T) Mussel Watch dataset, which is based on the analysis of sediments and bivalves collected from 280 sites since 1986. Using the 1997 sediment data, Pearson correlation (r = 0.44, p < 0.0001) suggested that Cd distributions in sediment can, be to some extent, explained by the proximity of sites to population centers. The 2003 tissue data indicated that “high” Cd concentrations (greater than 5.6 μg/g dry weights [dw] for mussel and 5.4 μg/g dw for oysters) were related to salinity along the East and Gulf coasts. Along the West coast, however, these “high” sites appeared to be related to upwelling phenomenon. Additionally, sedimentary diagenesis was found to be the most likely explanation of why sediment and mollusk Cd content were not well correlated.     

Provenance, diagenesis, tectonic setting and geochemistry of Tawil Sandstone (Lower Devonian) in Central Saudi Arabia

The Tawil Sandstone (Lower Devonian) in Central Saudi Arabia overlies the Sharwara Member of the Tayyarat Formation (Silurian) and succeeded conformly by the Shaiba Member of the Jauf Formation. Petrographical data reveal that the Tawil Sandstone comprises 96% quartz, 3% feldspar, and 1% rock fragments and all samples are classified as quartz arenites. The presence of well sorted, altered to fresh feldspar, and discriminate function analysis suggests that the sediments have been subjected to substartial reworking resulting in a high level of maturity. Modal analysis data (Q–F–L) suggest a stable cratonic provenance for the sediments and accumulation in a passive margin basin is indicated (binary plot of SiO₂ vs K₂O/Na₂O). Diagenetic features include dissolution of feldspar and rock fragments, compaction, reduction of the existing pore space through rearrangements, and rotation and fragmentation of grains resulting in dissolution of quartz grains and cementation.