塔中1井储层段岩石学特征及成岩作用

本文对塔中１井储层段进行了岩芯、薄片、阴极发光等观察和分析，划分出了角砾白云岩、残余颗粒白云岩和晶粒白云岩３种岩石类型，识别出了白云石化、硅化、方解石化、重晶石化、萤石化、黄铁矿化、自生粘土矿物化以及溶解、压溶等成岩作用类型；归纳出塔中１井储层段经历了３个成岩阶段、４种成岩环境的改造和叠加，并在物性测定的基础上给出３个岩性段的储集条件．     

Origin and variability of resource-grade marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts in the Pacific Ocean: A review of biogeochemical and physical controls

Marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts containing Mn, Cu, Ni and Co in the most promising resource-grade concentrations and quantities, together with Fe and Zn (all elements of biogeochemical importance) are found far from land on the deep seafloor of the Pacific Ocean. The biogeochemical, chemical and physical mechanisms contributing to their formation, distribution, abundance and – for these six elements – variability in their concentrations in these deposits, are the main focus of the present review. The mechanisms addressed include biological productivity, sedimentation types and rates, bottom water characteristics, the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth, the depth and intensity of the oxygen minimum zone, and biogeochemical characteristics of the six focal elements. Particular attention is given to comparisons between the deposits found in the north and the south Pacific, in order to present an overarching view of our current understanding of the mechanisms that apply to both nodules and crusts in both oceanic hemispheres, including examination of the possible existence of a marine ferromanganese oxide continuum. The renewed interest in the commercial exploitation of these deposits has stimulated a welcome increase in scientific research that is essential to informing the public discourse on seabed mining. We briefly reflect on the work addressed in this review in that context.     

鄂尔多斯盆地子洲气田上古生界山西组、下石盒子组储集层特征对比研究

鄂尔多斯盆地子洲气田山西组山2~3段和下石盒子组盒8段是该区天然气的主力储集层,但其产能却存在很大差异。应用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、高压压汞、恒速压汞及岩心分析资料,分别对该地区上古生界山西组山2~3段和下石盒子组盒8段储集层进行了研究。子洲气田山2~3储层以石英砂岩为主,孔隙类型多样,粒间孔、溶孔、晶间孔发育,喉道类别以微—细喉为主,属相对低孔高渗型储层;盒8储层则以岩屑砂岩为主,孔隙类型主要为岩屑溶孔和晶间孔,喉道类别以细—微喉为主,属于相对低孔低渗型储层。山2~3段和盒8段储集层岩石类型、孔隙结构差别巨大,造成了其储集性能的差异性。不同的沉积环境和成岩作用是造成其差异性的主要原因。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区长7砂岩储层成岩相特征研究

在大量样品测试数据与野外地质调查综合分析的基础上, 对长7储层岩石学特征、物性、孔隙结构、成岩作用、成岩阶段和成岩相等进行了研究。结果表明: 研究区长7储层处于中成岩A~B期。压实作用及碳酸盐、粘土(高岭石、伊利石、伊蒙混层)矿物胶结和硅质胶结作用是造成储层原生孔隙丧失的主要原因; 绿泥石胶结抑制孔隙充填, 长石溶蚀作用使孔隙间的连通性得到改善, 储层物性得到提高。根据成岩作用类型、强度及其对储层物性的影响划分出6种成岩相, 其中压实相、碳酸盐胶结相、粘土矿物胶结相、石英加大相、浊沸石充填相不利于储层的发育, 而长石溶蚀相、绿泥石膜胶结相对储层物性改善起了重要作用。     

Diagenetic processes in cretaceous sandstones from occidental Brazilian Equatorial Margin

Despite a great interest in Brazilian Equatorial Margin exploration, very little was published on the diagenesis of sandstones from that area. A wide recognition petrographic study was performed to identify the major diagenetic processes that impacted the porosity of Lower Cretaceous sandstones of the Pará-Maranhão, São Luís, Bragança-Viseu and Barreirinhas basins. Arkoses from the Pará-Maranhão Basin show neoformed or infiltrated clay coatings, mica replacement and expansion by kaolinite and vermiculite, and precipitation of grain-replacive and pore-filling quartz, kaolinite, albite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, siderite, pyrite and titanium oxides. Compaction, quartz and calcite cementation were the main porosity-reducing processes. Barreirinhas Basin lithic arkoses and subarkoses display clay coatings, compaction of metamorphic fragments into pseudomatrix, and precipitation of grain-replacive and pore-filling kaolinite, quartz, albite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, TiO₂ and pyrite. The main porosity-reducing processes were calcite cementation in the subarkoses, and compaction and quartz cementation in lithic arkoses. Quartzarenites from this basin were early- and pervasively cemented by dolomite. Arkoses and lithic arkoses of the São Luís and Bragança-Viseu basins show clay coatings, pseudomatrix from mud intraclasts compaction, and precipitation of pore-filling and grain-replacive kaolinite, vermiculite, smectite, quartz, albite, chlorite, illite, calcite, dolomite, hematite, TiO₂ and pyrite. Compaction of mud intraclasts and dissolution of feldspars and heavy minerals were the main porosity-modification processes. These preliminary results may contribute to the understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diagenetic processes and their impacts on the porosity of the sandstones from these basins.     

Distribution and partitioning of major and trace elements in pyrite-bearing sediments of a Mediterranean coastal lagoon

The formation of iron sulphide minerals exerts significant control on the behaviour of trace elements in sediments. In this study, three short sediment cores, retrieved from the remote Antinioti lagoon (N. Kerkyra Island, NW Greece), are investigated concerning the solid phase composition, distribution, and partitioning of major (Al, Fe) and trace elements (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn). According to ²¹⁰Pb, the sediments sampled correspond to depositions of the last 120 years. The high amounts of organic carbon (4.1–27.5%) result in the formation of Fe sulphides, predominantly pyrite, already at the surface sediment layers. Pyrite morphologies include monocrystals, polyframboids, and complex FeS–FeS₂ aggregates. According to synchrotron-generated micro X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra, authigenically formed, Mn-containing, Fe(III) oxyhydroxides (goethite type) co-exist with pyrite in the sediments studied. Microscopic techniques evidence the formation of galena, sphalerite and CuS, whereas sequential extractions show that carbonates are important hosts for Mn, Cd, and Zn. However, significant percentages of non-lattice held elements are bound to Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides that resist reductive dissolution (on average 60% of Pb, 46% of Cd, 43% of Zn and 9% of Cu). The partitioning pattern changes drastically in the deeper part of the core that is influenced by freshwater inputs. In these sediments, the post-depositional pyritization mechanism, illustrated by overgrowths of Fe monosulphides on pre-existing pyrite grains, results in relatively high degree of pyritization that reaches 49% for Cd, 66% for Cu, 32% for Zn and 7% for Pb.     

Diagenetic Sequences Analysis of Fuyu Reservoir in Qijia - Gulong Depression, Northern Songliao Basin

Five paragenetic associations are recognized in Fuyu reservoir of Qijia - gulong depression of Daqing oil field: 1 )detrital illite permeation, glauconite and pyrite precipitation; 2 ) feldspar dissolution, kaolinite precipitation and the incipient quartz overgrowths; 3 ) early calcite cements; 4 ) postdate quartz overgrowths and pore - filling quartz, authigenetic illite and chlorite formation, feldspar overgrowths, petroleum injections, K - feldspar and calcite cement dissolution; 5) pore - filling calcite and calcite replacement.     

The role of porosity in the development of authigenic dolomite and palygorskite. An example in siliceous sandstones of continental origin in Western Spain

During the Tertiary, the Hercynian basement of the Iberian Peninsula was uneven due to Alpine tectonism which led to the development of a set of horsts and grabens forming its main geological structure. One of these grabens is the Ciudad Rodrigo Basin, located close to the Portuguese border. The south-western margin of this graben is filled with arkosic sandstones of continental origin that, once deposited, underwent important low-grade diagenetic processes related to the surface processes. The main diagenetic processes were hydrolysis, replacement by carbonate, and argillization to palygorskite. These three processes led to the differentiation of three main levels within the outcrops studied: (1) the Lower Level, where the original clayey sandstone outcrops, displaying fairly hydromorphic traits; (2) the Middle Level, where part of the clayey matrix has been replaced by dolomitic carbonate; and (3) the Upper Level, where palygorskite is the new neoformed clay. The change in porosity seems to have been the controlling factor, since it governs the dynamics of the solutions inside the rocks. These conditions changed from being diffusion-driven, at the start of the diagenesis, to flow-driven as porosity increased.     

Spatial geochemistry of a Carboniferous platform-margin-to-basin transect: Balancing environmental and diagenetic factors

Conventional (one-dimensional) chemostratigraphy of marine carbonates assesses the chemical archive of individual stratigraphic sections and their correlation in space and time. Whereas this approach has shown to be of value when linking isobathymetric domains, usually characterised by similar facies, more caution is needed when correlations are extended across different physiographic settings and hence different facies belts. Here, the spatial geochemical record of Pennsylvanian platform-margin-to-basin transects across a bathymetric range of about 800 m is documented and discussed in a process-oriented context. Particularly, the presence of layered palaeo-water masses and their potential control on slope facies distribution and geochemical properties requires attention. Whereas Carboniferous thermo- and/or chemo-clines most likely affected depth-related slope facies zonation, it was facies change and hence, variances in porosity–permeability properties, that controlled differential early burial diagenetic alteration. Specifically, the lower-slope related breccia facies is characterised by higher volumes of early burial carbonate cements. This implies that these sediments entered the shallow-burial domain with a considerable open pore space and gave way to an increased rock:fluid ratio. Whereas the δ¹³C record is invariant with bathymetry, the more diagenesis-sensitive δ¹⁸O proxy, records pronounced shifts observed across major facies boundaries. From this it is concluded that although the primary controlling factor of slope facies distribution with depth is probably palaeoceanographic in nature, it is differential rock:fluid ratios that control the first-order, spatial shifts in δ¹⁸O composition. These findings show that one-dimensional chemostratigraphy will severely underestimate the complexity of three-dimensional (bathymetric) data sets across platform margins. This is of relevance for the interpretation of the geochemical archive of fossil carbonate platforms in general.     

塔西南坳陷碎屑储集岩成岩环境及成岩作用类型

碎屑储集岩的成岩环境是控制成岩作用类型的主要因素。根据有机质演化特征、古地温和孔隙介质的酸碱性特征,可将其划分为酸性和碱性两种成岩环境。酸性成岩环境主要分布在早成岩阶段Ａ、Ｂ期和晚成岩阶段Ａ期,古地温＜９０℃,镜煤反射率ＲＯ值在０．５％～１．３％,其所控制的成岩作用包括压实、压溶作用,胶结作用和溶解作用。碱性成岩环境主要分布在晚成岩阶段Ｂ期以后,这时古地温达到９０℃以上,ＲＯ为１．３％～２％,主要成岩作用类型包括强烈的晚期含铁碳酸岩交代作用、自生伊利石和自生绿泥石沉淀作用、陆源伊利石重结晶成绢云母、高岭石向伊利石或绿泥石转变以及构造应力作用等。不同成岩环境中由于成岩作用组合特征的不同,导致碎屑储集岩的结构和孔隙组合特征上的差异,从而影响了储层的储集性能