磷块岩的胶结作用

磷块岩胶结物有泥质、硅质、磷质和碳酸盐质4种,共形成19种胶结结构,其中尤以磷泥晶环边结构、等厚纤状环边结构、似重力式结构、磷质纤状环边叠加云质亮晶充填结构特征突出,具有指示沉积成岩环境的意义。4种类型的胶结物在剖面和平面上的演变与水体深度和沉积成岩环境有关,而胶结作用的地球化学特征,既是磷块岩的环境指示,又反映微生物的影响状况。     

沉积盆地成岩作用系统及其时空属性

含油气盆地的勘探开发对认识沉积成岩作用和储层发育规律提出了很高的要求。然而,迄今为止沉积学家和石油工程师还很难如认识沉积过程及其结构那样认识盆地尺度或宏观尺度上成岩作用的时空分带。为此,本文探讨了成岩作用类型的时空属性和主控因素等理论问题,提出了成岩系统分级（类）的有关准则,试图以此探索成岩作用时空分布与演变研究的新思路。结合中国东、西部有关中-新生代沉积盆地实例分析,阐述了盆地域（尺度）、层序域、亚层序域、层内域等成岩作用系统的客观存在,并对盆地域、层序域成岩作用系统动力学研究的思路和方法作了进一步阐释。在盆地尺度上成岩作用的时空分布主要与盆地大地构造位置及其控制的温压场、物源、剥蚀-搬运气候背景、埋藏历史、水文体制叠置方式密切关联：层序域成岩作用系统的时空分异则主要取决于埋藏深度、层序结构与宏观物理-化学障、沉积体系（配置）、水文体制。研究认为,成岩系统的层次分析是认识不同类型沉积盆地成岩结构的重要基础,而对于确定的盆地类型而言,盆地尺度水文体制与流体-岩石相互作用研究是解析成岩作用时空属性的关键。成岩系统研究目前还面临许多关键问题亟待解决,如成岩系统及其边界奈件的划分;成岩作用系统关键要素及其制约机制的厘定;盆地尺度上精细构造演化和温压历史恢复;盆地流体属性和活动期次的准确鉴别;盆地尺度上成岩作用数值模拟和动力学过程研究。     

Sediment geochemistry in coastal maritime Antarctica (Admiralty Bay, King George Island): Evidence from rare earths and other elements

We report the concentrations of 22 elements in short coastal sediment cores of Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Antarctica) determined by Neutron Activation Analysis. We focus the discussion on rare earth elements (REE) because their fractionation patterns in sediments relative to local sources may offer insights about weathering, transportation, deposition, and diagenetic processes. We found strong correlations between REE and Th, indicating detrital origin. Despite strong Eh gradients, the Th-normalized redox-sensitive elements (e.g., Eu, Ce, Fe, As, and others) showed little variability within the sedimentary environment. The exceptions were U (depleted in the upper few centimeters) and Br (enriched in the upper few centimeters). While U appears to be removed from seawater via uptake across the boundary of reducing sediments, the mechanisms driving Br accumulation are unclear, but perhaps related to increasing diatom production driven by regional warming. A comparison with published concentrations from rocks representing the regional eroding units showed that the characteristics of source rock could be recognized in the REE fractionation patterns in our sediments. These results imply no significant alteration during weathering and sediment transport in the coastal region of Admiralty Bay and the prevalence of strong periglacial erosion in ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica in spite of the relatively mild regional environmental setting (e.g., high moisture and high temperatures).     

Respiration and denitrification in permeable continental shelf deposits on the South Atlantic Bight: Rates of carbon and nitrogen cycling from sediment column experiments

Nitrogen (N) cycling and respiration rates were measured in sediment columns packed with southeastern United States continental shelf sands, with high permeability (4.66×10⁻¹¹ m²) and low organic carbon (0.05%) and nitrogen (0.008%). To simulate porewater advection, natural shelf seawater was pumped through columns of different lengths to achieve fluid residence times of approximately 3, 6, and 12 h. Experiments were conducted seasonally at in situ temperature. Fluid flow was uniform in nearly all columns, with minimal dead zones and channeling. Significant respiration (O₂ consumption and ∑CO₂ production) occurred in all columns, with highest respiration rates in summer. Most (78–100%) remineralized N was released as N₂ in the majority of cases, including columns with oxic porewater throughout, with only a small fraction released as NO₃⁻ from some oxic columns. A rate of 0.84–4.83×10¹⁰ mol N yr⁻¹, equivalent to 1.06–6.09×10⁻⁶ mmol N cm⁻² h⁻¹, was calculated for benthic N₂ production in the South Atlantic Bight, which can account for a large fraction of new N inputs to this shelf region. Metal and sulfate reduction occurred in long residence time columns with anoxic outflow in summer and fall, when respiration rates were highest. Because permeable sediments dominate continental shelves, N₂ production in high permeability coastal sediments may play an important role in the global N cycle.     

骑田岭花岗岩各单元特征及物质来源与成岩方式初步探讨

通过1:50000骑田岭花岗岩基单元—超单元填图,笔者从岩石学、岩石化学、暗色包体、微量元素、稀土元素和副矿物等特征研究入手,指出岩基的物质来源与成因,应是地壳物质重熔型,可能有少量幔源物质参与混熔,岩体的成岩方式,为岩浆侵入冷却而成。     

准噶尔盆地中部超压封闭层的岩石学特征与封闭机理

本文依据准噶尔盆地中部地区钻井地层压力实测数据,勾画出该区超压顶界面的空间分布形态以及超压封闭层的厚度;重点阐述了2口钻井超压封闭层的岩性构成、成岩作用机理和岩石学与岩石物性特征;通过对比研究,探讨了封闭层的封闭机理。研究表明该区超压顶界面为一个向南倾斜的曲面,横向上可穿过不同的地层层面。超压封闭层由一组砂泥互层的碎屑岩组成,厚度约166～250m,砂岩含量大于50%。砂岩封闭层已达到晚成岩 A_2亚期阶段,自生高岭石、石英次生加大和碳酸盐胶结作用发育,主要与中下侏罗统煤系烃源岩成熟演化过程中排出的大量有机酸溶解铝硅酸岩及其自生矿物有关。封闭层砂岩为致密储层,渗透率<1.0md、孔隙度<10%,由于其内发生了天然气充注,气毛细管封闭成为封闭层的主要封闭机理。     

柯坪地区下志留统储层性质及控制因素

野外露头浅钻取样分析发现,柯坪地区志留系下统柯坪塔格组的储层性质与塔北及塔中地区差别较大。柯坪地区的砂岩储层以粉细粒岩屑砂岩为主,处于晚成岩A2期,孔隙度主要为2%~6%,平均4.47%,渗透率主要为(0.01~0.1)×10-3μm2,平均0.06×10-3μm2,属于特低孔特低渗储层,而塔北及塔中地区以低孔低渗和中孔中渗为主。研究表明柯坪地区成岩压实、石英次生加大是储层物性的主控因素,储层经历长期深埋藏和短期浅埋藏,使成岩压实减孔率达30.4%;胶结作用所减少的孔隙量一般为1.5%~8%,致密胶结段可达10%~11%,石英次生加大所减少的孔隙量一般2%~4%,致密胶结段可达6%~8%;溶蚀作用及次生裂缝对储层物性改善不大,一般增孔量4%左右;成岩中后期强烈挤压构造运动对储层性质有重要影响。储层演化史表明晚二叠世、晚白垩世—早第三纪是油气聚集成藏期,随后遭后期构造运动破坏,油气逸散或发生氧化作用,柯坪塔格组含沥青砂岩即是这一过程的产物。     

Recycled insular phosphates and coated grains: Case study from Little Cayman,British West Indies

Phosphatic limestones on the west end of Little Cayman, at an elevation of 3 to 4 m above sea level and ca 320 to 550 m inland of the coast, lie on top of a phytokarst surface that defines the upper boundary of the Pedro Castle Formation (Pliocene). These phosphatic limestones are formed of phosphatic lithoclasts, detrital phosphate grains, coated grains (glaebules), composite coated grains, biofragments and phosphate rafts that are held in a matrix that is formed of micrite, calcite cement, and non-crystalline masses formed of P, Al, Si and Fe. The phosphate in these limestones is primarily hydroxylapatite, whereas the overlying soils, found in some areas, are formed of hydroxylapatite, crandallite and minor amounts of boehemite, kaolinite and quartz. Textures in the lithoclasts and detrital phosphate grains indicate that they were derived from older insular phosphates that that were largely removed by mining in 1890 to 1895. The coated grains (glaebules) typically have nuclei formed of a detrital phosphate grains that are encased by non-crystalline cortical laminae that are composed primarily of Al with their variable red colour reflecting the variable Fe content. The phosphatic limestones developed in a low-lying coastal area where the guano produced by a large seabird colony that was close to or mixed with terra rossa and marine carbonates that were washed onshore during storms/hurricanes. The Al, Fe, Si and rare earth elements found in the phosphatic limestones came from the terra rossa. Critically, this study documents the complex depositional regimes and diagenetic processes that can exist at the interface of marine carbonates, coastal phosphates and terrestrial soils as sea-level fluctuations control phases of sediment accumulation that were periodically interrupted by periods of non-deposition.     

页岩孔隙演化及其与残留烃量的耦合关系：来自地质过程约束模拟实验的证据

加强页岩孔隙演化规律研究,特别是定量评价其与残留烃之间的关系对页岩油的勘探具有重要意义。采集鄂尔多斯盆地低成熟度湖相Ⅰ型富有机质页岩,通过地质条件约束(埋藏史、地层压力、地层水矿化度等)成岩物理模拟实验模拟页岩演化,利用压汞法、氮气吸附法和二氧化碳吸附法获得不同温压段页岩的比孔容、比表面积和孔径分布,结合氯仿沥青A抽提定量结果,确定孔隙演化规律及其与残留烃的关系。结果表明页岩大孔比孔容与残留烃含量先增加后减小,微孔和中孔的比孔容随着模拟实验温度的增加呈现先减小后增大。XRD分析显示黄铁矿含量控制大孔,有机质丰度和粘土含量控制微孔和中孔。微孔和中孔的比孔容增加为高—过成熟度阶段页岩气提供储集空间,大孔比孔容与残留烃含量变化一致,生油窗阶段大孔增加是页岩油的有利储集带。