青海东昆仑莫河下拉银多金属矿区晚泥盆世花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学特征

莫河下拉银多金属矿床是青海省东昆仑成矿带上近些年新发现的矿床。笔者对矿区平硐口花岗斑岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U--Pb测年和岩石地球化学特征研究,以期揭示岩体的成岩时代、岩浆源区和形成的构造背景。锆石测年结果显示岩体形成于古生代晚泥盆世(371.6±2.9Ma)。元素地球化学特征表现为高硅、高碱、富铁铝、相对富钾和贫钙镁的特征;微量元素表现为明显富集Rb、Th、La、Ce、Nd、Zr、Sm和Gd等元素,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等元素、相对亏损Nb和Ta的特征;稀土元素表现为轻稀土元素(LREE)明显富集和Eu的强烈负异常。综合研究认为,矿区平硐口花岗斑岩的成因类型为A2型花岗岩,形成物质来源主要为部分熔融的长英质地壳,形成的大地构造背景为晚泥盆世万宝沟大洋玄武岩高原和苦海古陆拼贴到柴达木地块南缘后的后碰撞伸展环境。     

广西全州地区晚泥盆世牙形石和腕足类生物地层

广西东北部泥盆系发育良好,化石丰富,对研究中国华南地区泥盆纪生物地层具有重要意义。对广西全州地区东山剖面上泥盆统佘田桥组、锡矿山组和孟公坳组进行了系统的化石采集及室内分析,共获得104枚牙形石化石和34件腕足类化石。经鉴定,牙形石共21属19种,腕足类化石共6属9种。根据化石种属在东山剖面上的分布,自下而上可划分出8个牙形石带:Icriodus brecis带,Schmidtognathus hermanni-Polygnathus cristatus带,Schmidtognatus wittekindtii带,Palmatolepis linguiformis带,Palmatolepis triangularis带,Palmatolepis rhomboidea带,Icriodus cornutus带和Palmatolepis gracilis manca-Rhodalepis polylophodontiformis带,指示研究区内佘田桥组、锡矿山组、孟公坳组分别对应国际年代地层单位的弗拉斯阶上部、法门阶下部和法门阶中上部,并通过Palmatolepis triangularis的首现确立了该地区弗拉斯阶和法门阶(F-F)的界线;在东山剖面共划分出2个腕足类组合带:弓石燕(Cyrtospirifer)组合带和云南贝(Yunnanella)-帐幕石燕(Tenticosififer)组合带,它们分别与东山剖面中牙形石Palmatolepis falsiovalis-Palmatolepis linguiformis带、Palmatolepis rhomboidea-Palmatolepis marginifera带对应。     

高密度流与湖南泥盆纪沉积相分异

湖南泥盆纪陆表海的沉积相分异,尤其是台地相和台盆相的分异与当时发育的高密度流有密切的关系,高密度流的流动和沉积又与地形及海侵海退有关。高密度流使台盆区形成与相邻的台地区完全不同的沉积,形成的沉积差异反过来又使海底地形发生进一步的变化。在这种反复作用的过程中,湖南泥盆纪的岩相分异经历了一个形成、发展、消减直至结束的过程     

鄂西晚泥盆世含磷鲕状铁矿石中磷的赋存状态与形成

广泛分布于我国南方泥盆纪地层的"宁乡式"铁矿储量巨大, 然而含磷高严重制约了该类型铁矿的开发利用.铁矿石中磷的赋存状态是设计该类型铁矿"提铁降磷"方案的理论基础, 是开发该铁矿首先要了解的问题.充分利用湿化学全岩分析、电感耦合等离子体质谱分析等全岩元素分析, 扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射等物相分析, 电子探针微分析、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱分析等微区分析技术, 对鄂西晚泥盆世含磷鲕状铁矿石中磷的赋存状态、物质来源与磷矿物形成过程进行了初步探讨.铁矿石中的含磷矿物主要为碳氟磷灰石, 分别以短柱状磷灰石晶体颗粒(65%以上粒径小于20 μm)、磷灰石内碎屑(粗砂至极粗砂级, 集中形成透镜状或带状层理)以及鲕粒中与赤铁矿相互包裹的凝胶状磷灰石(层厚度10~50 μm)3种形式存在.磷灰石晶体是在孔隙水中重结晶而生成, 磷质可能来源于晚震旦世地层的磷块岩; 磷灰石内碎屑是古海水体中原位化学沉积的产物, 磷质可能来源于古海周边的大陆; 鲕粒中凝胶状磷灰石也是原位化学沉积的产物, 但与铁质沉积位置相同, 并与富铁的鲕绿泥石混合或相互包裹形成鲕粒.      

朝鲜平南盆地泥盆纪化石的发现及其地质意义

平南盆地位于中朝地台东缘朝鲜半岛中部。平南盆地古生界比较发育,特别是盆地中南部地区发育寒武系、奥陶系和志留系,仅在盆地东南部谷山、法洞地区发现了晚奥陶世到志留纪的地层,其它地区末曾发现过晚奥陶世到早石炭世的地层。最近在平南盆地中部平壤之东原中奥陶统(晚达组)上部发现了Chaetetes cf. nantanensis, Calceola sp., Thamnopora sp., Cladopora sp. 等指示泥盆纪的化石;该含化石层的走向延续性比较好,延伸长度2~3 km。基于上述研究,认为原来的中奥陶统(晚达组)上部可能为泥盆系。在中朝地台,除了西缘和西南缘地区以外,大部分地区没有发现晚奥陶世-早石炭世的地层,只有辽东太子河流域本溪组的地质时代被认定为早石炭世晚期到晚石炭世早期。这些泥盆纪、早石炭世化石都发育在中朝地台东部,说明古生代时期中朝地台西部和东部沉积环境及构造演化有差别,因而对于中朝地台古生代古地理和构造演化需要重新认识。     

中国泥盆纪维管植物的组成与古地理分布

依据泥盆纪早、中、晚3个时期的中国岩相古地理图及中国泥盆纪植物已有的资料,绘制出中国泥盆纪这3个时期的植物古地理分布图。中国泥盆纪海侵的主要方向是从中国西南部的云南地区（早泥盆世）逐渐向长江中游的华中地区（中泥盆世）及长江下游的华东地区（晚泥盆世）发展。中国泥盆纪维管植物在南方的分布是随着海侵,逐渐向华中及华东地区扩展,由早泥盆世西南地区的云南、四川、贵州,以及广西和湖南南部等地区,发展至中泥盆世云南、四川、贵州、湖南的中北部以及湖北的南部地区,在晚泥盆世的分布范围扩大到广东、湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、浙江以及江苏等地区。泥盆纪维管植物在北方的分布范围较小,从中泥盆世才开始出现,主要分布在新疆的北部,晚泥盆世在宁夏等地区也有分布。中国泥盆纪3个时期陆地维管植物各个种类所占的百分含量表明,早期的植物主要以较为原始的莱尼蕨类、工蕨类以及前石松类为主,中期石松类占优势,到了晚期石松类依然占优势,而楔叶类、真蕨类以及前裸子植物开始繁盛。     

Discovery and significance of microspherules at Lower-Middle Devonian boundary of Guangxi, South China

Microspherules are found in different facies at the Lower-Middle Devonian boundary, Guangxi, South China. There are more than 20 grains per kilogram rock sample. Composition and form of the microspherules are very similar to those of the microtektites from modern deposits of South Pacific Ocean and F-F boundary (Devonian). This may indicate that the microspherules from Guangxi are most likely the products of an extraterrestrial impact event that occurred at the end of Early Devonian Epoch. The event may be responsible for the biomass reduction and extinction of benthic organisms at the end of Early Devonian. The impact products (ejecta) can be used as a potential tool for stratigraphic correlation.     

Composition and properties of the iron hydroxides-cemented lenses in Estonian sandstone of Middle Devonian age

The formation of hematite and goethite concretions in different sedimentary rocks including sandstones is an important diagenetic process in the geologic history of the Earth. Its interpretation can also contribute to understanding the diagenetic history of Martian iron hydroxide concretions. A case study of iron-rich concretions from Estonian Middle Devonian sandstones exposed in ancient river valleys in southeastern Estonia was carried out based on the results of mineralogical, petrographical, geochemical, petrophysical and magnetic analyses. It was found that the high Fe₂O₃(total) content (25.0–39.5%), high magnetic susceptibility, bulk and grain density, very low porosity, corrosion and fracturing of the quartz grains of the platy iron concretions are in contrast with properties of the Devonian host sandstones. However the ferrous iron content (measured as FeO) of iron-rich concretions was as low as in the other Devonian rocks, suggesting an oxidizing environment and arid climate during the cementation by iron-hydroxides. The fracturing of quartz grains cemented by iron hydroxides could take place at near-surface conditions including vadose and phreatic zones in arid climate with high evaporation rates. Such climatic conditions have been reported for the Baltic region during Devonian, Upper Permian and Triassic times. We have found that goethite is prevalent in the cement, replacing clay and carbonate minerals. We assume that this iron-rich cement is originated from the mobilization of iron in host sandstones by groundwater, associated with tectonic activity at the end of the Middle Devonian, evidenced by fracturing in Devonian outcrops and caves. Although this mobilization could occur under reducing conditions, precipitation of goethite and hematite for the cementation could take place in oxidizing environment along bedding planes close to the surface during short sedimentation breaks. Another possible time for the formation of iron concretions could be Permian, under the condition of both arid climate and tectonic activity.     

Devonian Frasnian-Famennian transitional event deposits of Guangxi, South China and their possible tsunami origin

A suite of event deposits, isochronous and interrelated in origin, occurs widely near the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in Guangxi, South China. It is mainly distributed in the facies areas of the platform-margin slope and inter-platform rift-trough. The rudstone or calcirudite occur in the Liujing section of Hengxian and Luoxiu and Baqi sections of Xiangzhou in the facies area of platform-margin slope. The turbidites are observed in the sections of Yangdi and Baisha of Guilin, Du'an of Debao, Nandong and Sanli of Wuxuan, Xiangtian, Ma'anshan of Xiangzhou, Nayi of Chongzuo, Yunpan of Shanglin in the facies area of inter-platform rift-trough. The massive homogenites occur in sections of Mangchang, Luofu and Road from Nandan to Tian'e and Ma'anshan etc in the facies area of inter-platform rift-trough. Herein event deposits can be correlated in stratohorizon to the turbidite in the bottom of the Lower triangularis Zone in Hony railroad cut of Belgium, Devils Gate of Nevada, USA, Atrous of Morocco, South Urals and Fore-Kolyma of northeastern Siberia of Russia, and erosional discontinuities and brecciation in the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in South Polish-Moravian shelf. The event deposits could be caused by a violent tsunami related to bolide impacts into ocean.     

Coupling relationships between brachiopods and Girvanella during the Late Devonian F-F transition in Guilin, South China

The abundance curves derived from area proportions of brachiopods and Girvanella in the thin sections from the Yangdi section, South China, exhibits complex relationships during the Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian transition. The living activity of brachiopods such as grazing and borrowing did great damage to the growth of Girvanella. However, there was more to just a mere a survival competing relationship between them, Girvanella actually improved marine environments by oxygenating the dysoxic ambient sea-water through photosynthesis in the lower Kellwasser Horizon. Profited from this improvement brachiopods' abundance increased subsequently and suppressed Girvanella again. Nonetheless, without Girvanella's photosynthesis, brachiopods were wiped out by the farther anoxic environments in the upper Kellwasser Horizon. The complex relationships between Girvanella and brachiopods may be a key to unlocking the relationships between geomicrobes and metazoans in the geological overturn periods.