Transnational linkages and the spillover of environment-efficiency into developing countries

Arguments about the “positive” influence of growing transnational linkages have typically focused on their role in diffusing environmentally superior innovations which help to raise countries’ environment-efficiency. The present article empirically tests these claims by examining whether developing countries’ linkages with more CO₂- and SO₂-efficient economies contribute to domestic improvements in CO₂- and SO₂-efficiency. Our large-N, statistical findings caution against some of the efficiency-oriented optimism voiced by supporters of globalization. Although imports ties with more pollution-efficient countries are found to spillover into improved domestic CO₂- and SO₂-efficiency, neither transnational linkages via exports, inward foreign direct investment (FDI) nor telephone calls appear to have any influence on domestic pollution-efficiency.     

对中国地球物理学发展的思考--兼论中国科学院地球物理研究所在地球科学中心建设中的地位与作用

无论是从对地球物理性质的基本认识,还是从国民经济经济发展的需要看,地球物理学都应得到重视和发展。在总结我国地球物理工作的基础上,讨论了地球物理学尤其是固体地球物理学的趋势,如学科发展问题、重大科学问题及观测手段问题等。在此基础上,对地球物理研究所在固体地球科学中心中的地位及作用进行了分析,它就是以基础民为国民经济经济服务及为国家决策咨询相并重。另外,对建立地球科学中心的模式进行了初步探讨。     

加快黄金发展步伐的几点思考

本文详细分析了黄金矿产地质勘查、矿山建设及金矿生产等阶段工作的特点及其相互关系,探索性地提出提前建矿,缩短探矿和建设周期的办矿方式,并就如何加快黄金发展步伐问题提出了几点思考。     

King Canute muses in the South Seas: Why aren’t Pacific Islands transitioning to low carbon sea transport futures?

Transition to low carbon sea transport is a logical response to the extreme dependency of the Pacific Islands region on imported fossil fuel, its significant vulnerability to the effects of climate change and the critical shipping needs of Pacific Island countries (PICs). Building on previous work in low carbon sea transport in the Pacific, this paper further considers the barriers to achieving such transition by assessing, through a ‘post-Paris Agreement’ lens, the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted by PICs and contrasting these to the near total lack of investment and planning for low carbon transition in the transport sector with the parallel occurrence in the electricity sector where ~USD 2 billion of donor investment is deployed or queued despite electricity using only ~20% of fossil fuel across the region. Consistent with recent international studies, inadequate and inappropriate financing and policy have been identified as dominant transition barriers for low carbon sea transport development in PICs. This paper further examines the regional level barriers to policy development, and finds them inhibited by the silo nature of the major regional actors. The implications that the Paris Agreement has for climate financing to support the essential research and capacity development needed to underpin a successful low carbon sea transport transition strategy at any useful scale and speed are also considered in this paper.     

地学数据产品的开发、发布与共享

数据是科学研究的基础,数据共享可以最大程度地发挥数据的使用价值,数据是实现数据共享最基本的要素。地学数据具有空间性、综合性、时间性、海量性、多源性等特点。属性数据、遥感数据、矢量数据是加工生产地学数据产品的重要数据源,属性数据空间化是加工、生产地学数据产品的重要技术手段。地学数据共享发布平台应当具备用户管理、数据目录查询、元数据管理、数据查询与浏览、数据下载等基本功能。推进科学数据共享,必须要有相应的政策措施保证,必须建立公正、合理的数据工作评价体系。     

基于工作流的测绘生产与办公信息化系统设计与实现

随着国内经济的高速发展,基础民用建设勘测、道路交通建设勘测、地形检测等需求越来越多,而这些需求都离不开测绘。随着国际标准化组织（International Standardization Organization： ISO）在我国的应用深入,大部分具有测绘资质的测绘单位都已通过了ISO质量认证的认证工作,而整个测绘过程从合同签订到项目分配、项目处理、项目检查、项目成果交付经历不同的部门,周期比较长,如何进行有效的项目管理,使ISO质量认证不流于形式,是各测绘单位面临的一个重要问题。同时,在项目的处理过程中需要对数据成果进行调用、保存及更新等操作,如何在进行项目管理的同时进行成果的管理也是另一个重要问题。本文针对上述问题,设计和实现了天津市测绘院滨海分院测绘生产与办公信息化系统,通过系统来进行测绘单位日常的项目管理和测绘成果管理。     

三江平原沼泽湿地植被净初级生产力空间变化特征分析

基于EOS/MODIS卫星2000～2005年的MOD17A3数据集,分析21世纪初三江平原沼泽湿地植被净初级生产力(NPP)时间变化和空间分异特征及其与气候因子(气温和降水)的关系,并采用空间分析方法,分析道路、河流、居民点等因子对沼泽湿地生产力的影响.结果表明,三江平原沼泽湿地生产力(C)的变化范围为92.2～675 g/(m2·a),平均值为374.2 g/(m2·a).沼泽湿地生产力主要受三江平原综合水热条件控制,其与气温和降水显著复相关,复相关系数为0.49(n=6,p<0.05).低生产力沼泽湿地主要分布在三江平原西、北部地区,高生产力沼泽湿地主要分布在东、南部地区.河流在0～8 km的范围内对三江平原沼泽湿地生产力有一定促进作用,但影响不显著.居民点扩建,道路修筑等人类活动影响沼泽湿地分布,并导致沼泽湿地生产力下降,其有效影响范围分别是0～6 km区域和0～8 km区域.     

Exploring the marine biotic index (AMBI): variations on a theme by Ángel Borja

The results of manipulating the input data to AMBI are explored using various transformations of numerical species abundance (NAMBI), biomass (BAMBI) and production (PAMBI) from a variety of stations on the NE Atlantic shelf at which the pollution/disturbance status is known. There is a close agreement between the proportions of species in the five AMBI ecological groups and a phylum level meta-analysis axis of increasing environmental impact. All AMBI measures provide a better monotonic relationship with the impact axis than do traditional species diversity measures, which show higher diversity at intermediate levels of disturbance. A marginally better relationship with the impact axis of the meta-analysis is achieved by a moderate (square root) transformation of the data. ‘Production’ data (an appropriate combination of abundance and biomass information) provide only a marginal improvement on abundance data, but are ecologically and functionally much more relevant. Severe transformation of the data, culminating in presence/absence, degrades the relationship with the impact axis, but if only simple species lists are available then these may still be useable in making an environmental assessment.     

Allocating agricultural production factors: A scenario-based modeling of wheat production in Shandong Province,China

We aim to determine the effects of agricultural factors input per hectare on wheat production, and to optimize the allocation of wheat production factors under three scenarios and in different operating modes. Data were collected from 204 farming households using a face-to-face questionnaire. The sampled farms were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. We find fertilizer cost, irrigation cost and machinery cost all positively and significantly affect the per-unit-area wheat production, indicating the labor cost is not the major driving factor on wheat yield increment. Multi-object optimization model is used to allocate the production factors per hectare. We find under the Business as usual (BAU) scenario, the irrigation cost per-hectare wheat production after optimization in 2014 grows at a rate of 24.31% and accounts for 14.9% of total input. Under the Cooperate Environmental Sustainability (CES) scenario, the fertilizer and pesticide costs after optimization drop significantly by 42.83% and 21.41%, respectively. Under the Rapid Benefit Growth (RBG) scenario, the irrigation cost after optimization increase by 2.56% and the fertilizer cost increases by 4.69% compared with the surveyed data. Comparison of optimized data among three operating modes shows that the labor costs at household farm and cooperative farm both increase significantly. Cooperative farms are more successful in production factor use efficiency and economic performance. In conclusion, wheat production at different operating modes could be improved so as to constitute more efficient and economic use of production factors.     

The potential of historic rock avalanches and man-made structures as chlorine-36 production rate calibration sites

Samples from three medieval rock avalanches from the French (Le Claps, Mont Granier) and Austrian Alps (Dobratsch) and a man-made structure, i.e. the Stephansdom in Vienna, have been analysed for in-situ produced ³⁶Cl by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). All four sampling sites of independently known exposure duration turned out to be not appropriate as calibration sites for the determination of the ³⁶Cl-production rate from Ca. Indeed, the determination of short exposure ages for dating rock avalanches and man-made structures by ³⁶Cl is hindered dramatically by inheritance, especially for samples characterized by high ^natCl-concentrations. Generally, there are hints that the theoretical calculation of ³⁶Cl-production from epithermal and thermal neutron-capture on ³⁵Cl is highly underestimated in all existing models, thus, asking for particular precaution if working on high-Cl samples for any project. Hence, this work evidences that potential high inheritance, even for samples reasonably shielded before exhumation, has to be considered especially when dealing with recently exposed surfaces such as glacially polished rocks, alluvial terraces, fault scarps etc.