Marine depositional events controlled by sediment supply and sea-level changes

Under conditions of high fluvial or coastal sediment supply, individual sandy storm layers (tempestites) and turbidites form after significantly shorter time intervals than Milankovitch cycles. To provide the material for mass flows of very high volume, large, mountainborne rivers require about ten thousand years. With little sediment supply, however, all event deposits become rare or are missing.Third-order sequences (about 1–4 Ma) vary considerably in thickness depending on the sedimentation rates in the basins. Thick and widely extended mud flows and megabreccias are preferentially triggered by sea level fall below the shelf edge. Mixed siliciclastics-carbonate systems along the foot of carbonate shelves generally become coarser grained and poorer in carbonates during lowstands. Turbidite successions also frequently occur in lowstand deposits, but may be present in the other systems tracts as well if a delta is prograding continually.The position of tempestites in third or higher order shallow water sequences is less clear. In studies on the migration of coastal sands in relation to falling and rising sea level, one should distinguish, apart from sediment supply, between settings with and without substantial wave scour. The generation of sandy tempestites appears to be favoured if coastal progradation and wave scour operate simultaneously for example during late highstand and early lowstand.     

休宁白垩系红层盆地的沉积特征和地貌发育

休宁白垩系红层盆地是晚侏罗纪初,早白垩纪末形成的断陷盆地。盆地形成以后接受白垩纪的红色沉积物,沉积总厚度为2350—3929m。在喜马拉雅运动中盆地抬升,在构造、沉积和外力作用下,形成了典型的红层地貌。     

云南大理点苍山地区更新世晚期沉积地层的ESR测年研究

本文采用电于自旋共振（ESR）方法测定了云南点苍山地区更新世晚期沉积地层的形成年代。测年结果显示；（1）点苍山地区冰川沉积物的ESR年龄均小于140．35KaBP，说明该地区的第四纪冰川作用最早出现于中更新世晚期，主要发生于晚更新世；（2）点苍山西麓平坡附近最高一级基座阶地的堆积时代为184．3KaBP，证明西洱河阶地系列为中更新世以来的产物；（3）点苍山东侧白雀寺地区深3．7m处的褐红色地展形成的ESR年龄为12218KaBP，揭示出该地层形成于深海氧同位素5e阶段所代表的一个温热气候时期。     

聚煤环境对煤岩中形态硫赋存的影响

对煤中形态硫的分析测试结果表明，１）碳酸盐台地潮坪成因的煤以有机硫为主，黄铁矿硫占少数，但其类型、产状多样，全硫含量在剖面上虽有波动变化，但幅度较小，硫分布模式说明成煤环境受海水影响强烈且持久稳定。２）下三角洲平原泥炭沼泽成因的煤属以黄铁矿硫为主的高硫煤，按形态和产状可分５种类型的黄铁矿，煤层剖面上全硫含量由底到顶部逐渐增加，说明成煤环境亦受海水影响强烈，但有一逐渐增强的过程。３）上三角洲平原沼泽成因煤为富有机硫的低硫煤，黄铁矿量少、类型单调，全硫含量在煤层剖面上的变化为顶底高、中部低，表明煤层顶、底板性质控制着煤中硫的分布。     

西秦岭志留系沉积环境概述及分区岩组对比

在研究腕足生态群落、遗迹相、岩相的基础上，发现西秦岭与东秦岭一样，也可以分为南、中、北３个区带，尤其在中、晚志留世３区各自的沉积环境和沉积物性质都大为不同，因此需分别建立各自的岩石地层单位。     

Low-light and nutrient-rich coral assemblages in an Upper Aptian carbonate platform of the southern Maestrat Basin (Iberian Chain, eastern Spain)

A Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) succession of carbonate rocks in the southern Maestrat Basin (Iberian Chain, Spain) was analysed in terms of sedimentological and palaeontological criteria. The shallow marine sequence was deposited upon a homoclinal carbonate ramp. Five main facies types were distinguished: (A) peloidal and bioclastic grainstones and rudstones of the inner ramp shoals; (B) orbitolinid wackestones-packstones of the distal outer ramp; (C) peloid and Ostrea wackestones-packstones of the middle outer ramp; (D) coral-algal sheetstones of the proximal outer ramp; and (E) coral-algal platestones-domestones of the middle ramp. Coral-bearing facies types (D) and (E) showed similar major environmental factors: low energy hydrodynamism, low light intensity and apparently nutrient-rich water. Slight differences in these conditions are reflected in the different growth forms and coral assemblages. Coral-algal sheetstones are characterized by sheet-like and lamellar forms with a low coral diversity not clearly dominated by any taxon. Coral-algal platestones-domestones develop platy, tabular and irregular massive forms with a slightly higher coral diversity characterized by a Microsolenina-Faviina association. The coral fauna is revised taxonomically and yielded a total of 22 species in 18 genera (21 Scleractinia species, one Octocorallia species). Genera of the suborders Microsolenina and Faviina predominate, those of the suborders Stylinina, Fungiina, Rhipidogyrina and the order Coenothecalia are subordinate.     

Facies architecture of a Late Jurassic carbonate ramp: the Korallenoolith of the Lower Saxony Basin

The sedimentary succession of a Late Jurassic (Oxfordian to basal Kimmeridgian) carbonate ramp is described and interpreted. The study area is located in the central part of the Lower Saxony Basin in NW Germany, which forms part of the Central European Basin. Eight well-exposed and undeformed sections of the study area (Süntel area, Wesergebirge and eastern part of the Wiehengebirge) provide detailed information about lithofacies and lateral thickness variations. Biostratigraphically, the age of these sediments is poorly constrained. Twenty microfacies types are recognized that can be grouped into seven facies associations: (a) strongly bioturbated marlstones deposited near storm wave base (SWB), (b) foraminifera-rich wackestones, (c) wackestones and floatstones with biostromes and (d) bioclastic limestones deposited between SWB and fair-weather wave base (FWWB), (e) oolitic and iron-oolitic limestones and (f) siliciclastic sediments deposited above FWWB, and (g) lagoonal deposits. These facies associations characterize a storm dominated shallow mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp. Based on facies changes, quartz content, and gamma ray logs, the Korallenoolith Formation can be subdivided into a lower carbonate-dominated and an upper siliciclastic-dominated part, build up by different scales of small- to large-scale deepening- and shallowing-upward cycles. A preliminary correlation of measured outcrops of this formation is presented.     

Evaluation of redox versus thermal maturity controls on δ15N in organic rich shales: A case study of the Woodford Shale,Anadarko Basin,Oklahoma, USA

Bulk sedimentary nitrogen isotopes (δ¹⁵N_bulk) have been primarily used to identify bottom water redox states during deposition in sedimentary environments that have not undergone significant diagenetic or catagenetic alteration. Recently, the utility of sedimentary δ¹⁵N_bulk as a paleoredox proxy in hydrocarbon-bearing shale intervals was demonstrated by qualitatively correlating the δ¹⁵N_bulk profiles from shale units to their depositional redox conditions. However, the effect of thermal maturity on the δ¹⁵N_bulk signal remains unknown. We analyzed samples from three cores from the Devonian–Mississippian age Woodford Shale in the Anadarko Basin with vitrinite reflectance values ranging from the oil window to the gas window in order to investigate how depositional redox conditions and thermal maturation affect the bulk sedimentary δ¹⁵N signals. Our results indicate that the δ¹⁵N_bulk values for the Woodford do not correlate with thermal maturity. Instead, the δ¹⁵N_bulk values primarily reflect the depositional redox conditions, which are supported by trace metal concentrations and depositional features such as burrow abundance and lamination. The expected relationship between δ¹⁵N_bulk and paleoredox conditions was observed both within each core and between cores on a basin wide scale, with samples deposited under suboxic bottom water conditions having higher δ¹⁵N_bulk values than those deposited under anoxic bottom water conditions. Our data also indicate that redox bottom water column conditions in the Anadarko Basin varied spatially and temporally during the deposition of the Woodford Shale.     

川西地区中二叠世—中三叠世生物相及其分区研究

生物相及其分区的研究对于川西地区中二叠世—中三叠世的古生物古地理、古板块等特征的恢复具有一定的参考意义。研究区内二叠系—三叠系生物化石丰富,其门类主要有腕足类、珊瑚、蜓类、菊石、牙形石、头足类、双壳类及有孔虫等。研究表明,这些生物门类的分布受沉积环境控制较为明显。在对生物群落划分和研究基础上,根据其与沉积特征的组合规律,在研究区识别出6种类型的生物相。通过对生物的生态类型、产出岩性以及对应沉积相类型等分析的基础上,建立了研究区中二叠世—中三叠世生物相模式,并详细阐述了各类型生物相中的生物类别以及典型群落等特征和含油性特征。根据生物的生态、地理分布特征及生物相在时间和空间上的组合规律,将川西地区中二叠世—中三叠世划分为3个生物相区,认为台地生物相区受控于扬子台地的发展,盆地生物相区受控于龙门—松潘海槽的发育。生物相类型的分布特征表明,台地型和缓坡型生物相主要分布于研究区的主体区域,体现了其分布主要受控于扬子台地,而深水盆地型生物相则主要分布于研究区边缘区域,反映出其分布主要受控于其北部的龙门海槽。     

鞍本地区大孤山条带状铁建造含铁矿物和相分带特征及形成环境分析

鞍山-本溪条带状铁建造(Banded Iron Formation,简称BIF)位于华北克拉通东北缘,是世界上典型BIF之一,也是我国最重要的铁矿资源基地。大孤山位于鞍山地区南部矿带,为新太古代典型的Algoma型BIF,与华北克拉通其它大多数BIF相比,具有较低变质程度(绿片岩相-低角闪岩相)和较完整的沉积相分布特征。因此,通过大孤山BIF的研究有利于追踪Algoma型BIF的原生矿物组成及其后期成岩-变质过程,进而通过分析原生矿物形成的物理化学条件探讨古海洋环境。依据原生矿物共生组合及产出特征,可将大孤山BIF沉积相划分为氧化物相(30%)、硅酸盐相(50%)和碳酸盐相(20%)。氧化物相主要分布于主矿体南部,主要矿物组成为磁铁矿和石英;硅酸盐相分布于主矿体中部,主要矿物组成除了石英和磁铁矿之外,还有黑硬绿泥石、绿泥石、镁铁闪石等;碳酸盐相分布于矿体北部,主要矿物组成为菱铁矿、磁铁矿和石英等。本文通过大孤山BIF岩相学观察和含铁矿物化学成分研究,推测原生沉积物的组成为无定形硅胶、三价铁氢氧化物和富铝粘土碎屑,在经历了成岩和低级变质作用后转变为具不同相带的条带状铁建造。通过分析磁铁矿、菱铁矿和黑硬绿泥石等矿物在不同P_(O_2)-P_(CO_2)和pH-Eh条件下的共生相图可知,这些矿物均是在较低氧逸度、中到弱碱性环境下形成。综合考虑矿物成分、共生组合及受变质作用较弱等信息,本文推测制约原生矿物形成的控制因素主要是古海水氧化还原状态、酸碱度、CO_2含量和硫逸度。