基于数据密度确定分布区域的方法：以TAS图解分析为例

为了客观地确定数据点投图后分布的主要区域,本文提出了一种基于数据密度确定数据主要分布区域的方法。利用该方法可以更加直观地了解数据分布,并可以作为数据清洗的预处理手段。本文基于GEOROC大数据,以全碱对硅（TAS）图解为例,进行了分析和验证。通过提取GEOROC 数据库中与TAS 图解相关的岩石样本中SiO₂、Na₂O、K₂O 和烧失量含量数据,通过数据常规清洗和归算,最终获得24 个种类合计13.3 万条有效数据。通过数据投点、分区统计和提取80% 数据的分布区域,验证了24种岩石样品与TAS图解的吻合程度。通过综合研究分析发现,有6类岩石的数据分布与TAS图解定义区域基本一致,18类岩石的数据分布与TAS图解定义区域有系统性偏差。大数据研究证明了TAS图解的不足之处,利用全碱和SiO₂作为指标,难以实现提升总体分类的准确性。     

火山岩储层建模初探

火山岩储层建模研究是一个世界性难题。近年来 ,国内外在含油气盆地的火山岩中发现了大量的油气藏。为了探索火山岩储层物性的空间分布特征 ,作者选取了松辽盆地徐家围子地区火山岩发育的营城组为研究目的层 ,以火山岩相分析为基础 ,以基于相分析的神经网络技术为手段 ,通过多种参数的选取和计算 ,尝试性地建立了该区火山岩储层地质模型。该模型表明 :层状火山机构比块状火山机构的物性好 ;多相火山机构比单相火山机构物性好 ;裂缝发育的火山机构比裂缝不发育的火山机构物性好。基底涌流相、火山空落相、火山沉积相是有利的储集相带。     

Thermal and rheological structures of the Xisha Trough, South China Sea

The Xisha Trough, located in the northwest of the South China Sea (SCS) mainly rifted 30 Ma ago, has been a failed rift since the cessation of the seafloor spreading of the NW subbasin. Based on the velocity–depth model along Profile OBH-4 across the Xisha Trough, a seven-layer density–depth model is used to estimate density structure for the profile. The relationship between seismic velocity and radiogenic heat production is used to estimate the vertical distribution of heat sources in the lower crust. The 2-D temperature field is calculated by applying a 2-D numerical solution of the heat conduction equation and the thermal lithosphere thickness is obtained from the basalt dry solidus (BDS). The rheology of the profile is estimated on the basis of frictional failure in the brittle regime and power-law steady-state creep in the ductile regime. Rheological model is constructed for a three-layer model involving a granitic upper crust, a quartz diorite lower crust and an olivine upper mantle. Gravity modeling supports basically the velocity–depth model. The Moho along Profile OBH-4 is of relatively high heat flow ranging from 46 to 60 mW/m² and the Moho heat flow is higher in the trough than on the flanks. The depth of the “thermal” lithospheric lower boundary is about 54 km in the center, deepens toward two sides, and is about 75 km at the northern slope area and about 70 km at the southern Xisha–Zhongsha Block. Rheological calculation indicates that the two thinnest ductile layers in the crust and the thickest brittle layer in the uppermost mantle lie in the central region, showing that the Xisha Trough has been rheologically strengthened, which are mainly due to later thermal relaxation. In addition, the strengthening in rheology during rifting was not the main factor in hampering the breakup of the Xisha Trough.     

Fractal and Multifractal Modeling of Hydrothermal Mineral Deposit Spectrum： Application to Gold Deposits in Abitibi Area, Ontario, Canada

A number of fractal/multifractal methods are introduced for quantifying the mineral de-lmsit spectrum which include a number-size, grade-tonnage model, power spectrmn model,multi-fractal model and an eigeavalue spectrmn model The first two models characterize mineral deposits spec-tra based on relationships among the measures of mineral deposits.These include the number of deposits,size of deposits,concentration and volume of mineral deposits.The last three methods that deal with the spatial-temporal spectra of mineral deposit studies are all expected to be popularized in near future.A case study of hydrothermal gold deposits from the Abitibi area,a world-class mineral district is used to demonstrate the principle as well as the applications of methods proposed in this paper,It has been shown that fractal and multifractal models are generally applicable to modeling of mineral deposits and occurrences.Clusters of mineral deposits were identified by several methods including the power spectral eral deposits in the Timmins and Kirkland Lake camps.     

基于中等复杂地球系统模式的全新世 气候突变事件模拟试验*

全新世暖湿气候背景下的代表性气候突变是发生在约8.2kaB.P. 和4.2kaB.P. 的气候突然变冷变干的事件。对于气候突变事件的出现,海洋环流被普遍认为是其中的关键环节。科学家们利用不同类型的气候模式进行过个例和机理模拟试验,但还未能对气候突变机理做出合理的解释。本研究使用一个中等复杂程度的地球系统模式EMIC ( Earth-system Models Intermediate Complexity) MPM-2,模拟研究了全新世气候背景下北大西洋区域,淡水强迫机制作用对温盐环流以及全球气候的可能影响、气候系统响应和恢复时间特征以及南北半球的差异。模拟结果表明海洋对北大西洋淡水通量异常的强度响应敏感,海洋环流对热量和盐份的输送与淡水通量异常强度之间的平衡决定了温盐环流能否对淡水强迫产生不可逆转变,当淡水通量异常达到某一阈值后可能引起海洋和气候平衡态的改变。同时还发现,在气候变化过程中,两次淡水通量异常对海洋和大气系统的强迫作用是不同的,首次淡水通量异常对气候平衡态的影响要远大于其后的淡水通量异常。模拟结果还表明,北大西洋海洋的异常状况可以通过海洋、大气等各圈层相互作用传递到不同圈层和空间区域,在南北半球出现不同的响应特征。上述模拟结果对于认识全新世气候变化特征、不同突变事件之间的关系及其对现代气候的可能影响具有启发意义。     

青海共和盆地下白垩统烃源岩地球化学特征及其生油意义

我国西北大部分地区在早白垩世处于挤压为主的构造环境,但共和地区处于伸展的构造环境,发育了巨厚的下白垩统湖相沉积。我们首次在共和盆地下白垩统发现了一套２５８．１５ｍ 厚的烃源岩。这一发现改变了以往西北白垩系烃源岩仅分布在祁连－秦岭以北的观点, 这对于研究我国西北地区白垩系烃源岩的分布和油气田的形成具有重大意义。共和盆地下白垩统从下到上分为万一段、万二段、万三段、万四段。万一段和万四段是炎热干旱气候条件下形成的红色沉积, 基本没有生烃能力。万二段烃源岩是一套炎热潮湿气候条件下形成的浅湖－半深湖相沉积, 烃源岩有机质丰度达到了中到好烃源岩的丰度标准, 干酪根类型以Ⅰ２ 型为主。该烃源岩在Ｋ２ 早期（９０．０１Ｍａ） 进入生油门限, 开始生油, 从Ｋ２ 晚期（７４．１１Ｍａ） 以来,一直处于大量生油的成熟阶段。下白垩统万三段沉积时期, 水体时深时浅, 暗色泥岩和红色泥岩交替出现。暗色泥岩属于中等烃源岩, 其有机质类型主要为Ⅱ型。它在晚白垩世 （７８．０２Ｍａ） 进入生油门限, 但一直到第四纪 （１．５Ｍａ） 才进入大量生油的成熟阶段。共和盆地下白垩统烃源岩发育, 具有形成中小型油气田的可能性。     

Simultaneous transport of water and solutes under transient unsaturated flow conditions — A case study

The imbalance between incoming and outgoing salt causes salinization of soils and sub-soils that result in increasing the salinity of stream-flows and agriculture land. This salinization is a serious environmental hazard particularly in semi-arid and arid lands. In order to estimate the magnitude of the hazard posed by salinity, it is important to understand and identify the processes that control salt movement from the soil surface through the root zone to the ground water and stream flows. In the present study, Malaprabha sub-basin (up to dam site) has been selected which has two distinct climatic zones, sub-humid (upstream of Khanapur) and semi-arid region (downstream of Khanapur). In the upstream, both surface and ground waters are used for irrigation, whereas in the downstream mostly groundwater is used. Both soils and ground waters are more saline in downstream parts of the study area. In this study we characterized the soil salinity and groundwater quality in both areas. An attempt is also made to model the distribution of potassium concentration in the soil profile in response to varying irrigation conditions using the SWIM (Soil-Water Infiltration and Movement) model. Fair agreement was obtained between predicted and measured results indicating the applicability of the model.     

火山岩地震响应特征的正演模拟

为进一步了解松南梨树断陷火石岭组火山岩储层的地震响应特征,指导火山岩体的地震资料解译及成藏期次的识别,以实际地震资料为基础,结合钻井信息及地质认识,构建了火山岩地质模型,利用非平稳随机介质模拟技术对火山岩地震响应进行了正演模拟。通过正演模拟计算,得到并分析了由浅至深各反射层系及沉积相带的地震反射特征,从而为明确本地区火山岩响应规律,进一步检验地震地质解译模型建造的准确性,加深对本区火山岩成藏规律的认识提供依据。     

同构造沉积速率对先存被动盐底辟挤压变形的影响:库车坳陷西秋里塔格构造带盐构造分析及物理模拟

文中构建了两组构造物理实验,对存在先存被动盐底辟构造的含盐盆地的厚皮挤压构造演化特征进行模拟,研究揭 示了库车坳陷西段秋里塔格构造带新生代盐相关构造演化过程。实验结果表明,同构造沉积速率对库车坳陷西段秋里塔格 构造带博孜-却勒区域（西段） 和秋里塔格-克拉苏区域（东段） 盐相关构造横向分段差异变形具有重要的控制影响作 用。在挤压过程中,博孜-却勒区域慢速同构造沉积使得先存被动盐底辟北翼（拜城凹陷南翼） 向南逆冲到底辟南翼之 上,并促使却勒盐推覆体和米斯坎塔克盐背斜形成;而秋里塔格-克拉苏区域快速同构造沉积使得先存被动盐底辟北翼快 速下沉,而其南翼在挤压应力作用下向北逆冲到底辟北翼（拜城凹陷南翼） 之上,形成南秋里塔格盐背斜。     

现场测试地层平均热物性参数方法初探——以北京某工程地源热泵系统地层热物性测试评价工程为例

地层热物性参数是地源热泵系统地下换热器设计所需要的非常重要的参数,热物性参数的大小对钻孔的数量及钻孔的深度均有显著的影响,进而影响地源热泵系统的初投资。笔者以北京某工程地源热泵系统地层热物性测试评价工程为例,阐述了现场测试获取平均热物性参数的测试方法和原理,并通过建立传热模型,利用参数估算法计算了工程场区的热物性参数。为验证结果的可靠性,又采用了线源理论对测试数据进行计算并将计算结果与参数估算法进行了分析比较。最后,笔者对两种计算方法的求解方法和适用条件进行了归纳总结。由于目前地层热物性参数确定方法还很不成熟,可借鉴的经验不多,所以笔者提出的热物性参数确定方法只是尝试性的探索,还有待今后的实践检验和进一步的理论研究工作。