Epibenthic megacrustaceans from the continental margin, slope and abyssal plain of the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico: Factors responsible for variability in species composition and diversity

The community structure of megacrustaceans (orders Lophogastrida, Isopoda, and Decapoda) collected in trawls on the continental margin, upper slope and abyssal plain of the southern Gulf of Mexico was studied to determine to what extent broad-scale variation in community composition and diversity was influenced by geographic regions environmental variability and depth. Trawls were collected in the Mexican Ridges, the Campeche Bank, and the Sigsbee abyssal plain. There was variability in species composition, density and diversity among geographic regions and along the depth gradient. A total of 106 species were identified and grouped in three orders; five infraorders, 40 families, and 70 genera. This study extends the known geographic ranges of the species Homolodromia monstrosa and Ephyrina benedicti. The largest number of species was recorded in the Mexican Ridges and on the upper continental shelf; lower values were found on the continental margin and in the abyssal plain. The largest densities were recorded on the continental margin in the Mexican Ridges. Megacrustaceans show in general low frequencies and low abundances in trawls, characterizing them as rare components of benthic assemblages. Contrary to an accepted paradigm about deep-sea biodiversity, the highest H′ diversity values were recorded in the Sigsbee abyssal plain, followed by values from the upper continental slope; diversity values were correlated with evenness. Canonical Redundancy analysis results showed a significant affinity to regions for 18 crustacean species; 33 species showed a significant affinity to both regions and depth zones within regions.     

大豆蛋白废水处理中泡沫分离过程的数学模型

假设吸附过程始终处于平衡态、气泡大小均一以及每一个气泡均为正十二面体,构建了泡沫分离过程的数学模型.模拟了液池中蛋白质在气液界面上的吸附过程和泡沫层中气泡的失水过程,得出了富集比的表达式,可用于分离效果的预测.经验证,模型与实验条件下的泡沫分离过程基本符合.     

汞同位素地球化学研究及其在矿床学中的应用进展

汞作为一种重要的成矿元素,广泛分布于不同地质体中,并参与成岩成矿作用.随着质谱技术的飞跃发展,汞同位素地球化学研究取得引人瞩目的进展.汞同位素被广泛地应用于示踪地球表生生物地球化学过程及汞污染等.近年来,汞同位素又被应用于揭示行星的演化过程、识别地质历史时期大火成岩省及示踪矿床成矿物质来源等方面.本文在前人研究的基础上...     

南海北部东沙天然气水合物区浮游植物生物量和生产力粒级结构特征及其环境影响分析

本文讨论了2013年5月南海东沙天然气水合物区浮游植物生物量和生产力粒级结构特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明,研究海域表现出典型的低营养盐、低叶绿素a、低生产力特征,浮游植物叶绿素a和初级生产力具有明显的次表层最大值现象。东沙海域生物量和初级生产力粒级结构差异性显著,从生物量和生产力贡献度来看,表现为微微型浮游植物> 微型浮游植物> 小型浮游植物。生物量的垂直分布结果表明,春季不同粒级类群浮游植物在真光层内的分布存在明显不同,比如小型浮游植物在真光层内分布较均匀;微型浮游植物则主要分布于近表层或真光层中部,而微微型浮游植物则主要分布于真光层中部和底部。微微型浮游植物在纬度较低的热带贫营养海区之所以能够占主导优势,最主要的原因是其极小的细胞体积和较大的表面积使其有利于营养竞争。相关性分析表明,南海东沙浮游植物各粒级生物量与温度、pH显著正相关,与硅酸盐、磷酸盐显著负相关;浮游植物各粒级生产力与温度显著正相关,与盐度、磷酸盐显著负相关。磷酸盐含量是影响东沙海域浮游植物粒级结构差异的重要因素之一,同时,光辐照度和水体的真光层深度对东沙天然气水合物区不同粒径浮游植物的垂直分布起着更为重要的调控作用。     

Nb–Ta fractionation induced by fluid‐rock interaction in subduction‐zones: constraints from UHP eclogite‐ and vein‐hosted rutile from the Dabie orogen,Central‐Eastern China

Niobium and Ta concentrations in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) eclogites and rutile from these eclogites and associated high pressure (HP) veins were used to study the behaviour of Nb–Ta during dehydration and fluid‐rock interaction. Samples were collected through a ～2 km profile at the Bixiling complex in the Dabie orogenic belt, Central‐Eastern China. All but one eclogite away from veins (EAVs) display nearly constant Nb/Ta ratios ranging from 16.1 to 19.2, with an average of 16.9 ± 0.8 (2 SE), similar to that of their gabbroic protolith from the Yangtze Block. Nb/Ta ratios of rutile from the EAVs range from 12.7 to 25.3 among different individual grains, with the average values close to those of the corresponding bulk rocks. These observations show that Nb and Ta were not significantly fractionated by prograde metamorphism up to eclogite facies when no significant fluid‐rock interaction occurs. In contrast, Nb/Ta ratios of rutile from eclogites close to veins (ECVs) are highly variable from 17.8 to 49.8, which are systematically higher (by up to 17) than those of rutile from the veins. These observations demonstrate that Nb and Ta were mobilized and fractionated during localized fluid flow and intensive fluid‐rock interaction. This is strongly supported by Nb/Ta zoning patterns in single rutile grains revealed by in situ LA‐ICP‐MS analysis. Ratios of Nb/Ta in the ECV‐hosted rutile decrease gradually from cores towards rims, whereas those in the EAV‐hosted rutile are nearly invariable. Furthermore, the vein rutile shows Nb/Ta zoning patterns that are complementary to those in rutile from their immediate hosts (ECVs), suggesting an internal origin for the vein‐forming fluids. The Nb/Ta ratios of such fluids evolved from low values at the early stage of subduction to higher values at later supercritical conditions with increased temperature and pressure. Quantitative modelling was conducted to constrain the compositional evolution of metamorphic fluids during dehydration and fluid‐rock interaction focusing on Nb–Ta distribution. The modelling results based on our proposed multistage fluid phase evolution path can essentially reproduce the natural observations reported in the present study.     

新疆阿尔泰花岗岩源区混合-结晶分异复合过程的微量元素效应

根据微量元素e1、e2、e3总分配系数的相对大小,源区混合-结晶分异复合过程在它们的比值-比值相关图上造成三种综合效应。新疆阿尔泰花岗岩微量元素的比值-比值相关图清晰地反映了三种效应,暗示着源区混合-结晶分异复合过程。源区混合机制可能为沉积物质在沉积盆地里的掺合。混合端员可能为:1)成熟度差异悬殊的陆源碎屑物质;2)陆源碎屑与基性火山物质。     

稳定同位素地球化学研究新况

近年来稳定同位素地球化学进展显著。同位素测试方面的主要进展表现为：①离子探针质谱及激光制样系统的迅速发展和在同位素分析中广泛应用；②同位素测量仪器的自动化和电脑化；③分析方法和结果标准化；④新的同位素分析方法的开拓。同位素分馏机制方面最突出的进展是对与质量无关的同位素分馏的研究。已发现这种分馏在大气化学反应中和前太阳系阶段起重要作用。同时对热力学和动力学同位素分馏研究正进一步系统化。同位素应用方面，地球表面圈层研究受到更多注意。与资源与环境问题直接相关的研究更受到特别重视。对硼、硅、氯和锂等同位素新方法的地质应用也进展突出。     

地震层析地球内部密度分布横向不均匀研究

本文使用Woodhouse和Dziewonski等分别用S波和P波层析分析提供的,以670km深度为分界的上地幔和下地幔地震波传播所反映出的横向不均匀的球谐函数系数,假定地幔内部密度与正常水平的偏离分别与P波和S波的速度V_p和V_s成比例（下地幔δρ=γδV_p,上地幔δρ=σδV_S²）,并用一组新的球谐函数系数表示全地幔密度分布模型.计算结果表明:1.比例系数γ=0.199,σ=3.13×10^-5时,该全地幔密度模型可以70％恢复Dziewonski提供的下地幔密度模型,50％恢复Woodhouse提供的上地幔密度模型.合成密度分布基本上反映了分别由P波和S波速度异常所提供的地幔密度分布特征;2.所有穿过太平洋中部的剖面均明显地显示出一个低密度异常从地表一直延伸到核-幔边界;3.所有大陆下部均存在一个高密度异常区,而且深入到1200-1300km深度处;4.由密度异常的正、负交替基本上将部分地区地幔分成为3层,其深度依次为:第1层25-1300km左右,第2...     

黑水─泉州地学断面的重磁解释

讨论华南黑水─泉州地学断面的重磁解释。在解释中除应用常规的２．５维重磁异常反演外，还采用等密度线算法构制梯度层密度模型，用于分辨地壳密度细结构，以及计算自由地幔而深度用于分析上地幔密度的横向不均匀性。重磁模拟结果揭示了１０ｋｍ深度内的上地壳构造以及地壳与上地幔密度的分布。提出华南造山带以低密度上地幔为特征，它可能与上地幔的改造有关；四川盆地具有较高的上地幔密度，为未经改造的原始地幔。扬子克拉通与华南造山带的分界线与上地幔密度的分界线一致。根据布格异常、地表岩石密度和地形资料的综合分析，圈定出反映内生成矿作用深部标志的密度倒转区，可作为进一步找矿的远景区。     

黄河大柳树坝基岩体地震破坏后的密度特征

本文通过对岩体地震破坏后的弹性波测试，分析其波速的制约因素，采取相应的计算公式讨论了岩体密度的计算方法，并将其与平硐内壁裂隙统计计算出的岩体密度值做了比较，说明应用弹性波速计算岩体密度的精度与科学性。