Exploring the metamorphic consequences of secular change in the siliciclastic compositions of continental margins

Shale and greywacke compositions from the Archean to Phanerozoic record a secular change in the siliciclastic material that comprises much of Earth's continental margins, past and present. This study explores the metamorphic consequence of these compositional changes, by comparing phase equilibrium models constructed for average Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic shale and greywacke compositions equilibrated along two Barrovian-type geotherms: 1330℃/GPa(A) and 800 ℃/GPa(B). Our models show that Archean siliciclastic rocks can retain up to 4 vol.% water at middle to lower crustal conditions, nearly twice that of Proterozoic and Phanerozoic compositions. The increased ferromagnesium content of Archean siliciclastic rocks stabilizes chlorite to higher temperatures and results in a biotite-rich assemblage at solidus temperatures. Accordingly, water-absent biotite dehydration melting is predicted to play a greater role in the generation of melt in the metamorphism of Archean aged units,and water-absent muscovite dehydration melting is of increasing importance through the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. This secular variation in predicted mineral assemblages demonstrates the care with which metamorphic facies diagrams should be applied to Archean compositions. Moreover, secular changes in the composition of shale and greywacke is reflected in the evolution of anatectic melt towards an increasingly less viscous, Ca-rich, and Mg-poor monzogranite.     

东北日本地震波速度、VP/VS和各向异性结构:对俯冲带水迁移过程的探讨

本文利用区域地震初至波到时数据,通过地震层析成像研究获得了东北日本俯冲带上地幔（深至约150 km）的P波速度（V_P）、S波速度（V_S）、V_P/V_S和P波各向异性结构.结果表明,低速及高V_P/V_S比异常体主要分布在火山下方的下地壳和地幔楔中,其与低频地震的分布吻合,该区域与俯冲板块脱水所释放的流体及其导致的部分熔融密切相关;俯冲的太平洋板块内可能由于脱水脆化导致的双层地震带区域则没有表现出整体的高V_P/V_S值,其可能与俯冲板块内部含水矿物含量有关;俯冲板块内双重地震带区域及上覆地幔楔薄层主要表现为与海沟平行的方位各向异性和正的径向各向异性,其可能是由于含水矿物的脱水使橄榄石晶格结构发生了从A型到B型的变化所引起的.我们研究表明,结合地震波速度和各向异性结构能够加深对俯冲带内水运移过程的认识.     

Aluminous granulites from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt extraction and crystallisation

In the Pulur complex, NE Turkey, a heterogeneous rock sequence ranging from quartz-rich mesocratic gneisses to silica- and alkali-deficient, Fe-, Mg- and Al-rich melanocratic rocks is characterized by granulite-facies assemblages involving garnet, cordierite, sillimanite, ilmenite, ±spinel, ±plagioclase, ±quartz, ±biotite, ±corundum, rutile and monazite. Textural evidence for partial melting in the aluminous granulites, particularly leucosomes, is largely absent or strongly obliterated by a late-stage hydrothermal overprint. However, inclusion relations, high peak P–T conditions, the refractory modes, bulk and biotite compositions of the melanocratic rocks strongly support a model of partial melting. The melt was almost completely removed from the melanocratic rocks and crystallised within the adjacent mesocratic gneisses which are silica-rich, bear evidence of former feldspar and show a large range in major element concentrations as well as a negative correlation of most elements with SiO₂. Peak conditions are estimated to be ≥800 °C and 0.7–0.8 GPa. Subsequent near-isothermal decompression to 0.4–0.5 GPa at 800–730 °C is suggested by the formation of cordierite coronas and cordierite–spinel symplectites around garnet and in the matrix. Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isotope data indicate peak conditions at 330 Ma and cooling below 300 °C at 310 Ma.     

Lipid concentrations in erythrocyte membranes in normal, starved, dehyrated and rehydrated camels (Camelus dromedarius), and in normal sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus)

The present work compared the effects of starvation (7 days) and dehydration (10 days) followed by rehydration, on erythrocyte membranes of the desert camel (Camelus dromedarius). Total lipids, cholesterol, total phospholipids, phospholipid classes, fatty acids of phospholipid classes and proteins in the erythrocyte membranes of normal camels, sheep (Ovis aries) and desert goats (Capra hircus) have also been investigated. The results suggested that the lipid profile in the erythrocytes of the normal camels was significantly different from those found in normal sheep and goats. Between the two later species no significant differences were observed. In the erythrocyte membranes of the camel two classes of phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin), cholesterol and proteins were significantly higher than in sheep and goats. These constituents were not altered significantly by dehydration or starvation in the camel. These results may help to explain the resistance of camel erythrocytes to haemolysis after rehydration, infection with blood parasites or when confronted with other harsh environmental conditions.     

Thermal transformations in laser-heated chloritized annite

Chloritized annite from the Irizar granite has been used for laser-heating experiments, following the procedures used for ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating (heating steps in the 600–1080 °C temperature range). Four runs, at different temperatures, have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, micro-Raman and micro-IR spectroscopies. The water loss was evaluated by thermogravimetry. The chlorite domains break down first forming (001) amorphous layers, that later coalesce to rounded, equant inclusions and finally recrystallize to olivine and spinels plus silica glass. These phases occur within negative crystals hosted in ordered dehydrated annite, produced by dehydration and annealing of the starting annite. Dehydrated annite, olivine and spinels display topotactic relationships, determined by the common orientation of closely packed oxygen layers.     

Water diffusivity in rhyolitic glasses as determined by in situ IR spectroscopy

The dehydration rate of hydrous rhyolitic glasses at 475–875 °C was measured by in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy in order to determine the diffusion coefficient of water in rhyolitic glasses. The IR spectra of glass thin sections were obtained at 90-s intervals during 90 min at high temperatures, and the change in absorbance at 3550 cm^–1 corresponding to total water was monitored. The diffusion coefficients obtained from dehydration rates of the rhyolitic glasses are considered to be averaged value over the water-concentration profile in the sample. The averaged apparent diffusion coefficients increase with the initial total water content from 0.20 m² s^–1 for 0.7 wt% to 0.37 m² s^–1 for 2.8 wt% at 700 °C. The apparent activation energy for the diffusion of total water decreases with increasing initial water content from 112 ± 6 kJ mol^–1 for 0.7 wt% to 60 ± 17 kJ mol^–1 for 4.1 wt%. Assuming a linear relation between the diffusion coefficient of total water and the total water content, the diffusion coefficients at each initial total water content were also determined. The diffusion coefficients of total water at the water contents of 0.7 and 1.9 wt% and at 0.1 MPa were best fitted by ln D=[(12.9 ± 0.8) – (111 500 ± 6400)/RT] and ln D=[(10.6 ± 0.4) – (86 800 ± 2800)/RT], respectively, and are in agreement with previous data (D in m² s^–1, T in K). The present in situ IR dehydration experiment is a rapid and effective method for the determination of water diffusivity at high temperatures.     

异极矿加热过程的研究

实验所用的两块异极矿标本采自云南金硕铅锌矿氧化带中。对样品进行了湿法化学全分析、差热分析和失重分析。实验结果表明,所研究的样品化学式与Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O相符。根据以上分析结果,分别在600℃、700℃、800℃、 900℃和1300℃进行恒温三小时热处理,并对热处理过的样品进行X光粉晶衍射和红外吸收光谱分析。异极矿大约在500℃失去结晶水,在700℃失去氢氧根。在600℃时,X光粉晶衍射数据表明它的结构与异极矿没有本质差别,仅仅是晶胞微微缩小,此时红外光谱分析表明样品中有结构水存在,因此说明这种结构水是一种“沸石水”。这时的样品是Zn4Si2O7(OH)2,即脱水异极矿,而非γ-Zn2SiO4。700℃处理样品与Taylor实验中的β-Zn2SiO4有完全一致的X光粉晶衍射数据,但它不是单一物相,而是以锌橄榄石为主,并含有部分脱水异极矿和硅锌矿,β-Zn2SiO4的结构是橄榄石型的。800℃、900℃和1300℃热处理异极矿保持硅锌矿物相。总体来看,γ-Zn2SiO4并不存在,也不会分解成为ZnO和SiO2。     

Magma genesis beneath Northeast Japan arc: A new perspective on subduction zone magmatism

It is being accepted that earthquakes in subducting slab are caused by dehydration reactions of hydrous minerals. In the context of this “dehydration embrittlement” hypothesis, we propose a new model to explain key features of subduction zone magmatism on the basis of hydrous phase relations in peridotite and basaltic systems determined by thermodynamic calculations and seismic structures of Northeast Japan arc revealed by latest seismic studies. The model predicts that partial melting of basaltic crust in the subducting slab is an inevitable consequence of subduction of hydrated oceanic lithosphere. Aqueous fluids released from the subducting slab also cause partial melting widely in mantle wedge from just above the subducting slab to just below overlying crust at volcanic front. Hydrous minerals in the mantle wedge are stable only in shallow (< 120 km) areas, and are absent in the layer that is dragged into deep mantle by the subducting slab. The position of volcanic front is not restricted by dehydration reactions in the subducting slab but is controlled by dynamics of mantle wedge flow, which governs the thermal structure and partial melting regime in the mantle wedge.