八水氢氧化钡制一水氢氧化钡的工艺研究

根据八水氢氧化钡脱水制一水氢氧化钡的反应原理,采用真空加热脱水工艺,对八水氢氧化钡制备一水氢氧化钡工艺进行了研究。通过实验,找出了适宜的工艺条件。该工艺设备、操作简单,条件易于控制,尤其防止产品碳酸化更具有独特的优点。     

The effect of clay dehydration on land subsidence in the Yun-Lin coastal area, Taiwan

 The smectite dehydration theory developed by Ransom and Helgeson was applied for simulation of land subsidence in the Yun-Lin coastal area, Taiwan. The volumetric reduction of smectite clay at equilibrium state was computed by assuming that the dehydration of interlayer water in smectite clay can be described with a regular solid solution reaction. By using the in situ stratigraphic data collected from the subsidence monitoring wells in the simulated area, the amounts of land subsidence caused by smectite dehydration in three scenarios with pressure variation were calculated. The results indicate that significant amounts of land subsidence can be attributed to smectite dehydration. This finding reveals that smectite dehydration is of importance for assessment and prediction of land subsidence. Additionally, the results also indicate the overburden weight has a larger effect on clay dehydration than the effective stress change resulting from over-pumping, although both of them induce relatively minor variations on land subsidence. Received: 23 February 2000 · Accepted: 23 March 2000     

Late Mesozoic post-collisional intermediate to silicic magmatism in the Badjal area, Far East of Russia

The Late Cretaceous Badjal intrusive suite at the Far East of Russia includes a spectrum of rocks having emplaced successively in four phases, from (i) diorite and quartz diorite to (ii) granodiorite, (iii) granite and (iv) high-silica granite, various facies being distinguished within the phases. The generation of these rocks took place after the collision of a number of island arcs and a terrane now locally preserved in Sikhote-Alin region with the Asian continent, that had happened in the end of Early to the beginning of Late Cretaceous. The massifs intrude in Early Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic–sedimentary rocks topping the basement, and in comagmatic volcanic rocks. Chemically, the granitoid rocks have high-K calc-alkaline character and form continuous and regular trends of most of major oxides and trace elements with the SiO₂ contents ranging from 55 to 77 wt.%, that favors the concept of crystal fractionation. Major oxides and REE have a break at 70 wt.% SiO₂ pointing to a change of precipitating mineral assemblage. Such change is also documented by the negative Eu anomaly. We believe that the fractionation of mafic minerals had to take place at the first stage of fractionation, whereas plagioclase and possibly biotite began precipitating later, as supposed by abrupt decrease of Ba. This hypothesis is in accordance with the mass balance calculations. Diorite magma compositionally similar to the first intrusive phase rocks should be taken for parental for the entire Badjal suite. Small volume of these oldest rocks makes us suggest that the parental magma was a mixture of silicic liquid and restite mineral phases that would result from the partial melting of a heterogeneous metapelite–basaltic or metapelite–amphibolitic protolith. Almost total absence of basalt and gabbro of close age in the area makes a suggestion of crustal silicic contamination of a mantle-produced basic magma unlikely. After the melting, the differentiation of the derived magmatic mixture during ascent and the separation of mineral phases acquired from the protolith (restite phases) and of newly formed ones are believed to produce the entire range of rocks of the Badjal intrusive suite, provided the progressive succession of emplacement from less to more silicic species.     

冀东黑云母片麻岩在1GPa压力下脱水熔融实验

报道冀东黑云母片麻岩在1GPa压力下脱水熔融实验的相关系。其固相线温度为812℃,黑云母消失的温度为837℃,角闪石消失的温度为887℃,在862℃时开始形成斜方辉石和单斜辉石。实验表明,在温度812-950℃范围内形成水不饱和的花岗质岩浆,数量为20%-30%,而留下的难熔残余是斜方辉石+单斜辉石+石榴石+斜长石+石英±角闪石,后者与麻粒岩相岩石的矿物组合相符合,暗示下地壳岩石经生成花岗质熔浆的熔融事件后,留下的将是麻粒岩相岩石。     

Dehydration dynamics of Ba-phillipsite: an in situ synchrotron powder diffraction study

 The stepwise dehydration process of the Ba-exchanged form of the zeolite phillipsite was studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. A series of structure refinements were performed using the Rietveld method on powder diffraction data measured in the interval between 332 and 712 K. At 482 K, more than half of the water molecules were lost. The continuous water loss causes the Ba cations to migrate inside the zeolite channels in order to achieve a stable coordination with the framework oxygens. The dehydration process was completed at 663 K, where a new, completely dehydrated stable phase was detected. The temperature range of stability of this phase was more than 100 K, thanks to the stable coordination of the Ba cations with the framework oxygens. This phase is the first example of completely dehydrated zeolite containing divalent (barium) cations. Received: 8 January 2001 / Accepted: 1 November 2001     

矿物反应与变形关系研究——以糜棱岩高温高压实验为例

矿物反应和变形局部化在中下地壳普遍存在,两者相互影响和促进。实验研究表明,矿物反应与变形关系非常复杂。本文在糜棱岩高温高压流变实验的基础上,分析了实验变形样品中的矿物反应分布特征以及矿物反应引起的化学成分变化,讨论了矿物反应与变形的相互影响。微观结构分析表明,实验变形后的糜棱岩样品在温度800~890℃时,角闪石和黑云母出现脱水反应,生成微晶角闪石和黑云母,并伴有局部熔融。受应变局部化控制,脱水反应产物主要出现在黑云母、角闪石条带边缘。微晶和熔体的成分分析表明,不仅脱水反应形成的微晶与熔体的SiO 2含量非常低,而且黑云母周围的反应产物和熔体主要来自于黑云母的脱水,角闪石边缘的反应产物和熔体主要来自于角闪石脱水,石英、钾长石和斜长石没有参与反应与熔融。本研究中的脱水反应产物中,没有发现辉石和石榴石,这种脱水反应与文献中报道的无局部化的均匀样品在静高压和高熔融比例条件的脱水反应产物和熔体的成分有很大差别。黑云母和角闪石的局部化分布和脱水程度低,可能是造成脱水反应产物有差别的巨大原因。在本实验结果中,脱水反应对变形的影响主要体现为,脱水反应产生了细粒混合矿物相,使得在局部化的剪切带内变形机制从位错蠕变转变为扩散蠕变,导致样品出现应变弱化。另外脱水反应还引起了局部脆性破裂。变形引起晶体塑性变形,增加了位错密度和矿物细粒化,促进了晶体内部成核和黑云母与角闪石的脱水分解;差应力作用增加了局部的正应力和平均应力,增加了黑云母和角闪石能够稳定存在的压力范围,这可能是反应产物以微晶黑云母和角闪石为主,而没有转化为辉石的原因。     

高温高压条件下实验变形石英闪长岩微观结构与熔体特征研究

本文以高温高压条件下石英闪长岩流变实验样品为研究对象,利用偏光显微镜进行微观结构观察,研究了样品在实验温度压力条件下的变形机制与斜长石结构对流变强度的影响;通过透射电镜能谱与电子探针,分析了熔体分布和成分特征,讨论了角闪石脱水熔融的影响因素与脱水熔融对岩石流变的影响。结果表明,随着温度升高,岩石从脆塑性过渡域逐渐向高温位错攀移和动态重结晶为主的塑性域转化。在高温条件下,角闪石出现了脱水与部分熔融,脱水熔融的熔体分布和成分体现出非均匀与非平衡熔融的特点,空间分布上,熔体主要出现在角闪石和黑云母矿物颗粒的边缘以及角闪石和长石颗粒之间的区域内;成分分布上,熔体的成分与参与熔融的矿物成分密切相关。角闪石边缘的熔体和黑云母边缘的熔体具有低硅铝、高铁镁特征,斜长石边缘的熔体具有高硅铝、低铁镁的特征,处于角闪石和斜长石颗粒中间的熔体,其成分间于斜长石与角闪石成分之间。实验中出现的非平衡非均匀部分熔融可以解释混合岩中的浅色体与暗色体的成因,富硅熔体可以形成富硅铝的花岗质岩石,而贫硅富铁镁的熔体可以形成基性岩。角闪石的脱水熔融程度依赖于样品的封闭条件,处于封闭环境的样品,角闪石不易脱水熔融,而处于开放环境时,角闪石脱水熔融显著。拆离断层带及其附近具备这样的开放环境,有利于角闪石发生脱水熔融。实验力学数据和微观结构显示,随机分布的斜长石对岩石强度影响并不明显,但斜长石的长轴方向与最大主应力方向呈大角度相交(近90°)会显著强化岩石的强度,这意味着岩石组构与主应力方向大角度相交或呈垂直方向时,不利于岩石变形和拆离断层的形成,反之,均匀岩石或岩石组构与最大主应力方向小角度相交,有利于岩石的变形,容易发育拆离断层。     

上对流层/下平流层水物质分布与输送特征

基于Aura卫星微波临边探测仪（MLS）探测的水汽、冰水含量和温度等资料,对比分析了夏季亚洲季风区与北美季风区、暖池区以及伊朗高原上对流层/下平流层水汽、冰水含量以及水物质总含量（水汽和冰水含量之和）的分布特征,并探讨了不同区域水汽的输送过程。结果表明：在215-83 hPa高度上水物质总含量在亚洲季风区均出现了高值中心,且亚洲季风区水物质总含量明显大于北美季风区;在215 hPa高度水汽对水物质总含量起主要的贡献,而到了147-83 hPa高度,冰水含量与水汽对水物质总含量的贡献大致相当,亚洲季风区上对流层/下平流层水汽的高值中心揭示了反气旋对水汽的隔离作用。水汽混合比在147 hPa和100 hPa高度不同的概率密度分布反映出不同高度影响水汽输送的不同因素。北半球冬季暖池区100 hPa上空温度极低,水汽混合比峰值概率仅为2 ppmv;而在147 hPa高度上,亚洲季风区频繁的深对流使得大量水汽被输送到对流层上层,这是亚洲季风区水汽概率“长尾”分布的主要原因。在100 hPa和147 hPa高度,冰水含量主要集中在小值,可能是由冰晶粒子消耗水汽而增长到一定尺度后沉降造成的。     

Tomographic imaging of hydrated crust and mantle in the subducting Pacific slab beneath Hokkaido, Japan: Evidence for dehydration embrittlement as a cause of intraslab earthquakes

We estimate detailed three-dimensional seismic velocity structures in the subducting Pacific slab beneath Hokkaido, Japan, using a large number of arrival-time data from 6902 local earthquakes. A remarkable low-velocity layer with a thickness of ~ 10 km is imaged at the uppermost part of the slab and is interpreted as hydrated oceanic crust. The layer gradually disappears at depths of 70–80 km, suggesting the breakdown of hydrous minerals there. We find prominent low-velocity anomalies along the lower plane of the double seismic zone and above the aftershock area of the 1993 Kushiro-oki earthquake (M7.8). Since seismic velocities of unmetamorphosed peridotite are much higher than the observations, hydrous minerals are expected to exist in the lower plane as well as the hypocentral area of the 1993 earthquake. On the other hand, regions between the upper and lower planes, where seismic activity is not so high compared to the both planes, show relatively high velocities comparable to those of unmetamorphosed peridotite. Our observations suggest that intermediate-depth earthquakes occur mainly in regions with hydrous minerals, which support dehydration embrittlement hypothesis as a cause of earthquake in the subducting slab.     

蒙脱石的脱水作用对断层摩擦本构行为的影响

利用高温双轴摩擦装置，研究了含蒙脱石的断层带在不同温度下摩擦滑动的速度依赖性，以期了解脱水作用对摩擦行为的影响。结果表明，断层带摩擦强度随温度而升高，而速度依赖性较为复杂，以１．４ｕ／ｓ为界，室温和１００℃时，低滑动速率下表现为微弱的速度弱化，高滑动速率下则表现为速度强化；２００℃时均为速度强化；３００℃时高滑动速率下仍为速度强化，但低滑动速率下转变为速度弱化；４００℃以上，均为明显的速度弱化。摩擦行为的变化与脱水过程及相应的断层物质变形方式的变化密切相关