塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部边缘构造特征

塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部边缘与南天山过渡带结构复杂,是了解塔里木盆地-南天山盆山关系的关键。利用2D、3D地震资料和钻井资料,分析塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部边缘的结构特征、构造样式,对比研究不同区段变形的差异和影响构造样式的主要因素。研究结果表明:①根据基底断裂的发育情况,库车坳陷北部边缘自北向南可划分为三区五带,自浅至深可划分为4个变形层。其中,山前克拉苏构造带以克拉苏断裂为界可细化为高角度基底卷入变形区、低角度基底卷入变形区和盖层滑脱变形区。②库车坳陷盆山过渡带主要发育收缩构造、盐构造和走滑构造,根据其表现形式可划分为15种样式。③库车坳陷北部克拉苏构造带可划分为6个主要的构造段,受先存基底断裂、膏盐岩分布和南天山差异推覆作用的影响,各构造段表现出差异变形的特征。④现今构造主要形成于新生代中晚期,经历了晚二叠世—三叠纪古前陆盆地、侏罗纪—白垩纪坳陷盆地、古近纪—中新世弱收缩挠曲盆地和上新世—第四纪陆内前陆盆地4个演化阶段。     

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The process of reading a topographic map requires users to recognize and learn the cartographic symbols of the key (or legend) while interpreting the territory as depicted on the map at a given level of abstraction (the form and nature of features, their saliency and relationships). We present the results of an empirical user study that aims to identify and assess the main graphical characteristics that are used by map users to recognize the design principles which constitute the topographic mapping style adopted by IGN (Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière), France. Our results suggest that 91% of the participants were able to recognize an IGN-France topographic map amongst other topographic map products. We also determine which graphical characteristics play a role in the recognition of this cartographic style, either by visual memory or by visual perception, and identify the representation of relief, including contour lines and shaded relief, as one of the major graphical characteristics of the topographic mapping style of IGN-France. Moreover, the participants of our study considered the representation of touristic POI (points of interest), toponymy, typography, the main roads network, the individual buildings and the forests, to be essential for stylistic recognition.     

Vortex evolution due to straining: a mechanism for dominance of strong,interior anticyclones

In this article we address two questions: Why do freely evolving vortices weaken on average, even when the viscosity is very small? Why, in the fluid's interior, away from vertical boundaries and under the influence of Earth's rotation and stable density stratification, do anticyclonic vortices become dominant over cyclonic ones when the Rossby number and deformation radius are finite? The context for answering these questions is a rotating, conservative, Shallow-water model with Asymmetric and Gradient-wind Balance approximations. The controlling mechanisms are vortex weakening under straining deformation (with a weakening that is substantially greater for strong cyclones than strong anticyclones) followed by a partially compensating vortex strengthening during a relaxation phase dominated by Vortex Rossby Waves (VRWs) and their eddy–mean interaction with the vortex. The outcome is a net, strain-induced vortex weakening that is greater for cyclones than anticyclones when the deformation radius is not large compared to the vortex radius and the Rossby number is not small. Furthermore, when the exterior strain flow is sustained, the vortex changes also are sustained: for small Rossby number (i.e., the quasigeostrophic limit, QG), vortices continue to weaken at a relatively modest rate, but for larger Rossby number, cyclones weaken strongly and anticyclones actually strengthen systematically when the deformation radius is comparable to the vortex radius. The sustained vortex changes are associated with strain-induced VRWs on the periphery of the mean vortex. It therefore seems likely that, in a complex flow with many vortices, anticyclonic dominance develops over a sequence of transient mutual straining events due to the greater robustness of anticyclones (and occasionally their net strengthening).     

汶川地震震后短期青藏高原东北缘地壳变形特征成因讨论

2007—2009年时段GPS数据资料显示青藏高原东北缘地区地壳运动较前期(1999-2007年时段)发生明显变化.本文分别对汶川地震同震影响、震后粘弹性松弛影响和震后余滑影响进行了分析.结果表明,同震对该区域地壳变形特征的形成存在一定影响,而震后粘弹性松弛和余滑产生的影响均可忽略不计.分析认为,对于中国大陆这种多块体系统而言,现有的震后变形机制并不能充分解释震后短期某些区域地壳运动变形特征的形成,汶川地震震后短期青藏高原东北缘的地壳变形特征的形成可能主要与震后块体运动调整有关.     

北秦岭富水杂岩体的变形构造及其侵位机制

富水杂岩体位于北秦岭商丹断裂带北侧,侵位于秦岭群中。岩体中的岩相类型呈同心环带状分布,边缘发育片麻状构造并与岩体边界平行,面状组构的发育型式及变形包体三维形态反映岩体的变形机制主体属压扁型,近岩体围岩中的先存面状构造适应岩体的几何形状。综合分析表明,杂岩体的侵位机制早期为岩墙扩展作用,晚期为斜向底辟-类气球状膨胀作用,经历了由被动侵位向主动侵位的转变,侵位机制受控于晚元古代以来大陆地壳的拉抻和随后的区域性大型左行地壳剪切作用及所诱导出的局部水平缩短作用,属整合的同构造深成杂岩体。     

A STUDY ON RELATION BETWEEN CONTINUOUS RAPID DEFORMATION AND EARTHQUAKES

Continuous Rapid Deformation (CRD) may be an important precursor before some strong earthquakes with magnitude greater than MsS. 0. This paper shows some characteristics of CRD, and proposes a method for identifying precursory CRD that is closely related to the process of earthquake preparation. From the deformation data in Yunnan-Sichan provinces, we obtained the tilt and strain thresholds of 4.5ms/d and 5 × 10-7/d, respectively. Compared the tilt CRD in this region before 9 earthquakes (short-term fore-shocks and after-shocks not included) with magnitude greater than 5.8 in the period from January of 1990 to May of 2001, we found that 8 earthquakes occurred within 5 months after the CRD with a duration of more than 20 days and a tilt velocity of more than 4. 5ms/d without false prediction, but with one failure in earthquake prediction. For the strain CRD, 5 earthquakes occurred after the CRD; there was no false prediction, but 4 earthquakes unpredicted. We have tried to increase the thresholds, but found either the failure ratio or the rate of false prediction increased, while the success rate not obvious increased.     

Challenges From Solid Earth Dynamics for Satellite Gravity Field Missions in the Post-Goce Era

Examples from four main categories of solid-earth deformation processes are discussed for which the GOCE and GRACE satellite gravity missions will not provide a high enough spatial or temporal resolution or a sufficient accuracy. Quasi-static and episodic solid-earth deformation would benefit from a new satellite gravity mission that would provide a higher combined spatial and temporal resolution. Seismic and core periodic motions would benefit from a new satellite mission that would be able to detect gravity variations with a higher temporal resolution combined with very high accuracies.     

伽师地震与区域断层活动研究

利用GPS、连续倾斜和地震活动性资料分析了伽师地区构造活动的特点和伽师强震群的动力背景，结果表明：在印度洋板块的挤压下，塔里木盆地的右旋腑冲运动是造成南天山区地震活动的主要原因；1996年3月19日伽师阿图什6．7级地震，强烈地影响了该地区块体由向西南倾斜转向北向倾斜，并可能成为诱伽师地区强震群活动的主要动力因素，利用1998年和1999年对该地区GPS测量的结果，给出了该地区断层活动的水平。     

Timing of deformation phases within the South Finland shear zone, SW Finland

The Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian crust in southern and central Fennoscandia was established about 1.8 Ga ago after a prolonged history of accretion and intrusion. During late stages of the Svecofennian orogeny, deformation was partitioned into several crustal-scale shear zones in present-day Finland, Sweden and Estonia. One such major ductile deformation zone, ‘the South Finland shear zone’ (SFSZ) extends for almost 200 km through the Åland archipelago in southwestern Finland, and further along the southern and southwestern coast of Finland. This more than a kilometer wide transpressional zone appears to have been repeatedly reactivated. The deformation started with a period of regional, ductile dextral shearing of igneous rocks, producing striped granodioritic and tonalitic gneisses. The ductile phases are locally overprinted and followed by ductile to semi-ductile deformation evidenced by mylonite zones of variable width. The last stage of tectonic activity along the shear zone is recorded by pseudotachylites. Within this study, we dated zircons (SIMS U–Pb) and titanites (ID-TIMS U–Pb) from eight rock samples, and two pseudotachylite whole-rock samples (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar) in order to reconstruct the deformation and (re)activation history of the shear zone.The results suggest that the medium-grained gneisses underwent three distinct deformation phases separated by time intervals without regional deformation. The ductile deformation within the study area initiated at 1.85 Ga. A second, more intensive deformation phase existed around 1.83 Ga, by which the shear zone was already well developed. Finally, the last ductile event is recorded by 1.79 Ga metamorphic titanites in relatively granoblastic granitoid gneisses that nevertheless already display protomylonitic textures, suggesting the initiation of large-scale mylonitisation around or soon after this time. The age of a pseudotachylite sample and, hence, the brittle deformation is bracketed between 1.78 and 1.58 Ga based on the age of pegmatites cut by pseudotachylites as well as ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar minimum ages for the pseudotachylite, respectively. The data imply that the rocks within the study area entered the ductile–brittle transition zone due to rapid cooling and exhumation of the crust after 1.79 Ga.     

椭圆形地理实体定位中的平差问题

在地理实体中,有很多是椭圆或圆形的,大部分实体的中心无法到达或无法判定,必须对椭圆形实体边界进行测量,然后确定椭圆的中心位置(椭圆的定位)、长轴和短轴长度(椭圆形状)及长轴方向(椭圆的定向)。当测量其5个边界点,可惟一解出定位和定向参数,超过5个测点时,就产生平差问题。本文推导出一套椭圆定位和定向的直接计算公式,并提出平差模型,通过实例论证该模型的正确性和实用性。