梅雨锋暴雨中云物理过程的观测和数值模拟

Cloud micro-physical structures in a precipitation system associated with the Meiyu front are observedusing the balloon-borne Precipitation Particle Image Sensor at Baoshan observatory station, Shanghaiduring June and July 1999. The vertical distributions of various cloud particle size, number density, andmass density are retrieved from the observations. Analyses of observations show that ice-phase particles(ice crystals, graupel, snowflakes, and frozen drops) often exist in the cloud of torrential rain associatedwith the Meiyu front. Among the various particles, ice crystals and graupel are the most numerous, butgraupel and snow have the highest mass density. Ice-phase particles coexist with liquid water dropletsnear the 0℃ level. The graupel is similarly distributed with height as the ice crystals. Raindrops belowthe 0℃ level are mainly from melted grauple, snowflakes and frozen drops. They may further grow largerby coalescence with smaller ones as they fall from the cloud base. Numerical simulations using the non-hydrostatic meso-scale model MM5 with the Reisner graupel explicit moisture scheme confirm the mainobservational results. Rain water at the lower level is mainly generated from the melting of snow andgraupel falling from the upper level where snow and graupel are generated and grown from collection withcloud and rain water. Thus the mixed-phase cloud process, in which ice phase coexists and interacts withliquid phase (cloud and rain drops), plays the most important role in the formation and development ofheavy convective rainfall in the Meiyu frontal system.     

环境场大尺度锋面系统与变性台风结构特征及其暴雨的形成

本文将登陆台风环境大尺度锋面系统动力、热力结构作为台风变性发展的关键影响因子。本文的分析研究揭示了变性台风半冷半暖的热力非对称结构,及其演变过程气压谷型、动能峰型、降水增幅特征形成的环境场影响因子。本文的数值试验表明,台风环境场斜压结构（锋面特征）可以显著地影响台风变性过程,并可导致台风中心气压呈“谷型”、动能“锋型”以及热力非对称结构特征。引起台风变性涡旋加强及其暴雨增幅现象或台风衰减、消亡。本文的数值试验证实了登陆台风变性发展的某些成因,某种程度揭示了中低纬度系统的相互作用的机理问题。     

一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程的数值模拟研究：不同尺度天气系统的影响作用

2003年7月4~5日在江淮地区沿梅雨锋有一系列中尺度对流系统相继生成和强烈发展,导致了江淮地区特大暴雨的形成。该研究利用中尺度数值模式MM5对这次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,在模拟结果的基础上重点分析了不同尺度天气系统相互作用对这次特大暴雨过程的影响作用。在这次特大暴雨过程中,位于梅雨锋北侧的东北—西南走向深厚、稳定的短波槽系统与槽前从西南移来的低涡系统相配合,加强了位于梅雨锋北侧的反气旋性扰动发展,从而导致梅雨锋北侧反气旋性涡旋的形成。该类反气旋性涡旋形成对江淮切变线的加强与维持起重要作用。中尺度对流系统的潜热释放首先导致梅雨锋低层切变线上的中尺度对流性涡旋(MCV)的形成,而中尺度对流性涡旋的形成进一步加强了切变线上的低层辐合,中尺度对流性涡旋消亡后,在切变线上形成低涡。梅雨锋附近主要存在4种不同垂直环流,它在降水的不同阶段具有不同的结构、配置与动力学作用。其中跨锋面、高层非地转两支垂直环流对锋区的对流扰动发展和暴雨形成最为重要,而降水发展可以调整锋区垂直环流的结构、配置,随降水的减弱,梅雨锋区的不同垂直环流系统又重新恢复到先前结构。梅雨锋上不同尺度、高度的天气系统之间的相互作用主要通过这些垂直环流系统调整实现。     

1999年6月下旬长江中下游梅雨锋低涡扰动的结构研究

1999年6月下旬在长江中下游发生长达10天之久的连续性暴雨,作者对其进行了全程中尺度四维同化数值模拟,利用时空高分辨的模式输出,对梅雨锋上与强降水密切相关的5个低涡的活动特点和四维结构进行了综合分析:识别和追踪每个低涡的活动路径,分析其主要特征的垂直结构、水平分布和时间演变,并通过轨迹和气块物理属性个别变化的计算,揭示构成低涡的三股气流,分析低涡区水汽及冷空气来源和湿斜压锋区的形成.     

金湖凹陷阜三段沉积相分析

根据岩心微相、砂体剖面层序和砂体平面展布分析,对金湖凹陷阜三段沉积微相进行了研究,研究表明整个凹陷共发育了3个三角洲垛体,其中源于张八岭隆起和建湖隆起的水系在西斜坡形成了广布型的三角洲前缘沉积,另2个位于卞闵杨地区和在宝应地区,三角洲前缘相带分异比较明显,由三角洲前缘的水下分流河道-河口砂坝变为前缘席状砂和前三角洲。水下分流河道和河口砂坝砂体相互连接,形成厚度较稳定的三角洲前缘复合体,加之临近生油层,三角洲前缘砂体具有较大的勘探潜力。     

山东半岛海风锋在一次飑线系统演变过程中的作用

2016年6月30日生成于华北南部的一次长生命期的强飑线过程,造成了山东地区大范围风雹天气。文中利用常规观测资料、区域自动气象站观测数据及雷达监测产品,分析了山东半岛复杂的海风锋特征在这次飑线系统的断裂、再组织化以及极端大风、冰雹灾害形成过程中的重要作用。结果表明:（1）初始对流是在地面冷锋辐合线上触发的弱对流,在对流系统向更不稳定区域移动时与水平对流卷相交,对流迅速发展,并组织成东西走向的直线型飑线。（2）飑线系统在平原地区继续向前移动的过程中发生断裂,这一过程与渤海湾在黄河三角洲形成的两条移动方向不同的海风锋以及飑线系统的阵风锋有关:向内陆推进的两条海风锋与阵风锋在飑线系统中段的前部相交,诱发新生单体,造成该处对流系统更快地向前传播,最终导致飑线系统断裂;与此同时,断裂后的西段风暴因低层暖湿入流被切断而逐渐减弱。（3）断裂后西段残留风暴系统出流阵风产生的新生风暴向东北方向发展,与断裂后的东段风暴的后向传播（向西南方向发展）机制相互作用,完成了飑线的再次组织化,形成了具有典型弓状特征、水平尺度更大、近似于东北—西南走向的飑线系统。（4）长生命期飑线系统造成的极端雷暴大风和最大冰雹出现在飑线再组织化初期,位于飑线系统“弓部”位置,地面极端雷暴大风是冷池密度流、后侧入流急流和水成物对应的前侧下沉气流共同作用的结果,其中与后侧入流急流几乎完全分离的、与水成物对应的前侧下沉气流在这次极端地面大风发生时可能起到了重要作用。（5）山东半岛东侧的黄海海风锋向内陆推进（东南向西北）过程中与自西北向东南移动的飑线相遇,加强了风暴前侧的抬升、水汽供给和组织化程度,为飑线的长时间维持提供了有利条件。      

A modified moist ageostrophic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Q</Emphasis> vector

The quasi-geostrophic Q vector is an important rainfall associated with large-scale weather systems diagnostic tool for studying development of surface and is calculated using data at single vertical level. When ageostrophic Q vector was introduced, it required data at two vertical levels. In this study, moist ageostrophic Q vector is modified so that it can be calculated using data at a single vertical level. The comparison study between the original and modified moist ageostrophic Q vectors is conducted using the data from 5 to 6 July 1991 during the torrential rainfall event associated with the Changjiang-Huaihe mei-yu front in China. The results reveal that divergences of original and modified moist ageostrophic Q vectors have similar horizontal distributions and their centers are almost located in the precipitation centers. This indicates that modified moist ageostrophic Q vector can be used to diagnose convective development with reasonable accuracy.     

Numerical Simulation of Torrential Rainfall and Vortical Hot Towers in a Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective System

A cloud-resolving model simulation of a mesoscale convective system （MCS） producing torrential rainfall is performed with the finest horizontal resolution of 444 m. It is shown that the model reproduces the observed MCS, including its rainfall distribution and amounts, as well as the timing and location of leading rainbands and trailing stratiform clouds. Results show that discrete convective hot towers, shown in Vis5D at a scale of 2-5 kin, are triggered by evaporatively driven cold outflows converging with the high-θe air ahead. Then, they move rearward, with respect to the leading rainbands, to form stratiform clouds. These convective towers generate vortical tubes of opposite signs, with more intense cyclonic vorticity occurring in the leading convergence zone. The results appear to have important implications for the improvement of summertime quantitative precipitation forecasts and the understanding of vortical hot towers, as well midlevel mesoscale convective vortices.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WIND FIELDS AT UPPER LEVELS IN THE MEIYU PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOW LEVEL JET AND MESOSCALE SYSTEMS

Using a mesoscale model,a numerical study on a heavy rainfall case occurring in theChangjiang-Huaihe River Basin is made in this paper.The influence of the intensity ofnortheasterly wind in front of the Qinghai-Xizang high at upper level on the low level wind fieldand development of mesoscale systems as well as heavy rainfall is investigated.The model wellreproduced the heavy rainfall process and the weather systems associated.And it indicates that thestrong northeasterly flow around the high at upper troposphere will bring about not only thestrengthening of low level southeasterly wind,but also the appearance of shear-line and mesoscalevortex at low level.The coupling of northerly wind at upper level and southerly wind at lowerlevel constructs a vertical indirect circulation which is most favourable for the development ofconvective motions.Its ascending branch in the shear-line area is very strong and shows apronounced mesoscale characteristic.     

Sepat台风（0709）登陆过程中眼放大现象研究

台风登陆过程中常发生结构变化,从而引起其强度、路径以及风雨分布等一系列变化,导致登陆台风灾害十分复杂.0709号台风Sepat在穿过台湾岛时结构变化明显,出现了台风眼放大现象.基于上海台风研究所台风资料、FY-Ⅱ卫星半小时一次的遥感资料、台湾雷达逐时合成回波图像以及NCEP每日4次1°×1°格距的再分析资料,研究了Sepat登陆过程中的眼放大现象.结果表明:(1)Sepat登陆台湾后眼墙塌陷、眼消失,但随后在从台湾海峡移向大陆过程中重新出现了台风眼并伴有眼放大现象,眼直径扩展至约600 km;(2)这种眼放大现象,实际上是台风内核区对流云团分裂扩散过程中与外围螺旋云带一起重新发展出的环状结构.台风眼的扩大与眼区下垫面温度降低、低层大气不稳定度减弱、径向外流加强、下沉运动区范围扩大等因素有关;(3)在台风外围,环境干空气侵入台风环流并在其西部形成了弧状湿度锋.锋区既促进对流运动发展,也阻碍了台风眼区云团进一步向外扩散,使对流云团在锋区附近排列成半圆弧状云带,并在台风气旋性环流组织下与台风东部的螺旋云带一起形成了环状眼墙;(4)台风的减弱消亡与其眼区放大现象密切相关.台风眼放大过程中,由于眼内干空气下沉范围加大、对流凝结潜热加热减弱,不利于暖心结构维持,台风强度亦随之衰减.同时,其增强的径向外流在一定程度上阻止水汽能量向台风内核区输入,促使台风内核对流运动的减弱和消亡.