东亚季风气候对青藏高原隆升的敏感性研究

青藏高原隆起是东亚季风形成演化的决定因子之一.利用GCM(大气环流模式)完成的一系列改变青藏高原地形高度的数值试验说明,东亚季风气候变化非常敏感地响应于高原隆升.在高原隆升达到现代高度的一半之前,东亚大约30°N以北地区近地面冬夏反向意义下的季风现象是不存在的.高原隆升对东亚冬季风的影响远大于对夏季风的影响.即使没有青藏高原,仅受海陆热力对比的作用,中国东部地区夏季已能出现偏南风;然而只有在青藏高原存在,且达到一定高度的情况下,东亚北方地区冬季才能盛行偏北风.从温湿状况看,大约长江以北的东亚北方季风强度随高原高度上升几乎呈线性增加,冬夏温度对比不断加大,降水也越来越向夏季集中.但长江以南的东亚南方季风和印度季风与此明显不同,前者对高原隆升具有非线性响应,而后者在高原隆升过程中变化不大.     

黄海对流云街数值模拟与敏感性试验

2015年11月25日黄海上空冷空气爆发,中国北部发生暴雪,西北东南向云街在黄海上空大面积密集分布。为研究垂直热输运的网格大小依赖性是否会对黄海对流云街数值模拟产生影响,本文利用WRF模式,分别采用考虑网格大小依赖性的边界层（PBL）参数化方案和基于非局部K理论闭合的YSU PBL方案对该个例进行数值模拟。结果表明两方案均能较好地再现云街出现区域和盛行风向。由于考虑网格大小依赖性的PBL方案模拟水平滚涡对流和次级环流的能力更强,所模拟的水平垂直速度强度更大,云水混合比更高,促进更多的云得以发展;同时其稳定性参数ζ更小,模拟的水平滚涡对流强度更大。     

台风最大风速增强的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的正压模式，实施了8组时间积分为36h的试验，分析了中尺度涡旋和台风涡旋的相互作用及其对台风强度变化的影响，讨论了初始中尺度涡旋空间尺度大小与台风强度变化之间的联系。结果表明：在一定的合理的参数条件下，这种相互作用可以使台风切向风速量大值增加，显示出台风增强的现象。     

华北夏季降水与北半球环流及北太平洋海温关系的初步分析

在利用基于Z指数的判别方法确定华北地区严重旱涝年份的基础上，应用合成分析方法研究了严重旱涝年的环流形势并初步分析了华北夏季旱涝的成因。然后用相关分析研究方法找出了与华北地区夏季降水关系密切的海温关键区，即赤道中东太平洋地区和北太平洋中高纬地区。利用大气环流模式进行数值试验，进一步研究了两个区域海温影响华北降水的地理机制和相对重要性，得到了一些有意义的结果。最后初步探讨了影响华北夏季降水异常的可能物理机制。     

ON THE BAROTROPIC INSTABILITY OF LARGE SCALE VORTICES

By using the linearized barotropic vorticity equation in polar coordinates the stability of pertur-bations on a large scale circular basic flow is transformed into a generalized eigenvalue problem,yielding the relationship between the growth rate of the amplitude of perturbations and the az-imuthal wave number. Then, numerical experiments whose integration time is 60 model hours areperformed in terms of a quasi-geostrophic barotropic model in Cartesian coordinates using the per-turbation stream function field of unstable mode superimposed on a strong and weak circular basicflows as the initial fields. The experimental results reveal that the amplitudes of the initial pertur-bations in the model atmosphere grow with time. The amplitude of the perturbations superimposedon the strong circular basic flow grows quicker and forms a spiral-band-like structure.     

人工影响天气碘化银催化剂研究进展

碘化银（AgI）类催化剂是人工影响天气外场试验和业务作业中使用最广泛的催化剂,其核化效率和核化机制在很大程度上影响催化效果。在总结美国、中国和欧洲多个国家利用云室和风洞研究AgI类催化剂的核化机制、核化阈温及成核率的室内实验成果的基础上,梳理利用室内实验成果发展的AgI数值催化模式,旨在为下一步优选新型高效AgI类催化剂和改进数值催化模式提供借鉴。AgI类催化剂核化机制包括凝华核化、接触冻结核化、凝结冻结核化和浸没冻结核化,其核化过程受大气温湿条件、催化剂粒子大小、成分等多种因素影响,并与催化剂粒子的燃烧溶液法、燃烧焰剂法和爆炸法等发生方式有关。目前国内外使用的AgI类催化剂含有不同成分,有多种催化剂粒子产生方式,催化剂粒子的核化机制和成核率有很大差异。将来应重点基于高性能云室和风洞,分析不同催化剂配方的核化机制和成核率,优选新型高效催化剂,改进AgI数值催化模式。     

背景误差水平相关结构对四维变分资料同化的影响研究

为考察GRAPES全球四维变分同化(4DVar)的分析增量在谱空间的时间演变特征,分析当同化时间窗起始时刻与终止时刻背景误差水平相关特征明显不一致时对分析与预报造成的影响,对GRAPES全球4DVar的背景误差水平相关采用二阶自回归模型(SOAR)、集合资料同化生成扰动样本估计的水平相关模型以及基于这两者的背景误差谱空间融合模型进行比较。结果表明,SOAR的分析增量在20波以上的天气尺度波动的分析信息明显不足,而将集合资料同化样本所计算的水平相关的功率谱方差与SOAR功率谱方差进行融合,水平相关特征呈现出多尺度水平相关的特点,可以更好地吸纳观测信息,显著改善北半球形势场、温度与风场预报效果,南半球也有改善,对赤道地区的影响中性。表明研究发展的融合水平相关方案合理、实用。     

Primary reasoning behind the double ITCZ phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model

This paper investigates the processes behind the double ITCZ phenomenon, a common problem in Coupled ocean-atmosphere General Circulation Models (CGCMs), using a CGCM-FGCM-0 (Flexible General Circulation Model, version 0). The double ITCZ mode develops rapidly during the first two years of the integration and becomes a perennial phenomenon afterwards in the model. By way of Singular ValueDecomposition (SVD) for SST, sea surface pressure, and sea surface wind, some air-sea interactions are analyzed. These interactions prompt the anomalous signals that appear at the beginning of the coupling to develop rapidly. There are two possible reasons, proved by sensitivity experiments: (1) the overestimatedeast-west gradient of SST in the equatorial Pacific in the ocean spin-up process, and (2) the underestimatedamount of low-level stratus over the Peruvian coast in CCM3 (the Community Climate Model, VersionThree). The overestimated east-west gradient of SST brings the anomalous equatorial easterly. The anomalous easterly, affected by the Coriolis force in the Southern Hemisphere, turns into an anomalouswesterly in a broad area south of the equator and is enhanced by atmospheric anomalous circulationdue to the underestimated amount of low-level stratus over the Peruvian coast simulated by CCM3. Theanomalous westerly leads to anomalous warm advection that makes the SST warm in the southeast Pacific.The double ITCZ phenomenon in the CGCM is a result of a series of nonlocal and nonlinear adjustmentprocesses in the coupled system, which can be traced to the uncoupled models, oceanic component, andatmospheric component. The zonal gradient of the equatorial SST is too large in the ocean componentand the amount of low-level stratus over the Peruvian coast is too low in the atmosphere component.     

改进的人工增雨水滴冻结实验装置

介绍一个改进的水滴冻结实验装置,它由冷腔、冷腔温度控制、水滴冻结信号检测及记录、循环散热和冷环境箱等几部分构成.实验时,将被测水样分散为数十个均匀水滴,分布在涂有硅油的冷板上,温度控制系统使水滴温度线性降低.由于每个水滴中所含冰核引发水滴冻结的温度不同,群滴将会陆续发生冻结.利用水滴冻结释放的潜热和帕尔帖效应,在笔式记录仪上自动地连续给出水滴冻结事件的脉冲信号.对某种水样进行多次的冻结实验得到其水滴冻结温度谱,按Vali给出的方法可以推算该水样中冻结核含量.用该装置曾对北京地区各类降水做过冻滴实验,结果表明不同降水的冻结核浓度的温度谱有明显差异.如能对播云催化作业前后的雨水进行采样并在此装置中进行冻结核浓度的检测,有望为人工影响天气效果的检验提供一个新的物理判据.     

Aerodynamic Parameters of Regular Arrays of Rectangular Blocks with Various Geometries

The aerodynamic effects of various configurations of an urban array were investigated in a wind-tunnel experiment. Three aerodynamic parameters characterising arrays—the drag coefficient (C _d ), roughness length (z _o) and displacement height (d)—are used for analysis. C _d is based on the direct measurement of the total surface shear using a floating element, and the other two parameters are estimated by logarithmic fitting of the measured wind profile and predetermined total drag force. The configurations of 63 arrays used for measurement were designed to estimate the effects of layout, wind direction and the height variability of the blocks on these parameters for various roughness packing densities. The results are summarised as follows: (1) The estimated C _d and z _o of the staggered arrays peak against the plan area index (λ _p ) and frontal area index (λ _f ), in contrast with values for the square arrays, which are less sensitive to λ _p and λ _f . In addition, the square arrays with a wind direction of 45° have a considerably larger C _d , and the wind direction increases z _o/H by up to a factor of 2. (2) The effect of the non-uniformity of roughness height on z _o is more remarkable when λ _f exceeds 20%, and the discrepancy in z _o is particularly remarkable and exceeds 200%. (3) The effect of the layout of tall blocks on C _d is stronger than that of short blocks. These results indicate that the effects of both wind direction and the non-uniformity of the heights of buildings on urban aerodynamic parameters vary greatly with λ _p and λ _f ; hence, these effects should be taken into account by considering the roughness packing density.