Damage‐viscoplastic consistency model for rock fracture in heterogeneous rocks under dynamic loading

This paper presents a damage‐viscoplastic consistency model for numerical simulation of brittle fracture in heterogeneous rocks. The model is based on a combination of the recent viscoplastic consistency model by Wang and the isotropic damage concept with separate damage variables in tension and compression. This approach does not suffer from ill‐posedness, caused by strain softening, of the underlying boundary/initial value problem since viscoplasticity provides the regularization by introducing a length scale effect under dynamic loading conditions. The model uses the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion with the Rankine criterion as a tensile cut‐off. The damage law in compression is calibrated via the degradation index concept of Fang and Harrison. Thereby, the model is able to capture the brittle‐to‐ductile transition occurring in confined compression at a certain level of confinement. The heterogeneity of rock is accounted for by the statistical approach based on the Weibull distribution. Numerical simulations of confined compression test in plane strain conditions demonstrate a good agreement with the experiments at both the material point and structural levels as the fracture modes are realistically predicted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effectiveness of flood damage mitigation measures: Empirical evidence from French flood disasters

Recent destructive flood events and projected increases in flood risks as a result of climate change in many regions around the world demonstrate the importance of improving flood risk management. Flood-proofing of buildings is often advocated as an effective strategy for limiting damage caused by floods. However, few empirical studies have estimated the damage that can be avoided by implementing such flood damage mitigation measures. This study estimates potential damage savings and the cost-effectiveness of specific flood damage mitigation measures that were implemented by households during major flood events in France. For this purpose, data about flood damage experienced and household flood preparedness were collected using a survey of 885 French households in three flood-prone regions that face different flood hazards. Four main conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, using regression analysis results in improved estimates of the effectiveness of mitigation measures than methods used by earlier studies that compare mean damage suffered between households who have, and who have not, taken these measures. Second, this study has provided empirical insights showing that some mitigation measures can substantially reduce damage during floods. Third, the effectiveness of the mitigation measures is very regional dependent, which can be explained by the different characteristics of the flood hazard in our sample areas that experience either slow onset river flooding or more rapid flash and coastal flooding. Fourth, the cost-efficiency of the flood damage mitigation measures depends strongly on the flood probability faced by households.     

丽江-小金河断裂盐源段断裂带规模、断裂带结构及其历史活动性

2008年汶川地震促使人们思考青藏高原东南缘走向和规模与龙门山断裂带相近的丽江- 小金河断裂的活动历史,但受限于地质条件制约断裂尤其是其北段相关研究极其薄弱。基岩断裂带的物质组成与结构特征是断层长期活动的产物,蕴含丰富的历史活动信息。本文以丽江- 小金河断裂盐源段多个天然剖面为研究对象,通过详细的断裂带宏观结构调查、断层岩显微构造及XRD分析发现：① 断层破碎带以一套厚度>20 m的破裂面密集带为特征,优势破裂面走向为NE20°~30°,推测为丽江- 小金河断裂长期活动形成的张剪性破裂;② 断层带核部以断层角砾岩和断层泥为主,灰岩角砾岩黏土矿物含量~2%,以伊利石和伊蒙混层为主,粉砂岩断层泥黏土矿物含量~52%,以坡缕石和绿泥石为主,石英含量36%,缺失长石类矿物。断裂带宏观结构和断层岩微观结构特征均表现为角砾呈棱角状,砾径差异极大且呈零散状分布,符合快速滑动特征,指示断层滑移方式为黏滑。此外,核部断层岩带统计厚5~8 m,这一规模相对于龙门山映秀- 北川断裂带核部180~280 m和安县- 灌县断裂带核部40~50 m显著偏小,表明前者自形成以来的活动性远低于后者,两者的地震行为并不能简单类比。结合断裂在宏观结构特征、断层岩成分与种类以及所反映的滑动方式与隆升剥蚀量的差异,认为丽江- 小金河断裂更可能是鲜水河断裂切断锦屏山- 龙门山构造带之后形成的,晚新生代与龙门山断裂带具有不同的活动历史。     

中国人—野猪冲突时空特征及对生态系统“反服务”的启示

中国农村社会经济转型背景下,生态系统“反服务”现象频现,如何协同生态保护与社会经济发展面临巨大挑战。本文基于收集的733件典型人—野猪冲突（又称野猪“肇事”）事件资料,采用荟萃分析法研究了2000—2021年中国野猪“肇事”事件的时空分布、危害和驱动因素。在此期间,野猪“肇事”的数量、空间范围和危害程度均呈递增趋势,涉及省、市和区（县）数量分别由初期的18个、41个和67个增至近期的25个、147个和399个,相应增幅分别为39%、259%和496%。其中2005年以前野猪“肇事”集中在重庆市和湖北省中西部,之后向四周扩张,2015年以后集中在四川盆地、黄土高原、长江中下游以及长白山等丘陵山区,表现形式以破坏农作物、侵害家禽和致人伤亡为主,尤以对农作物的破坏并导致耕地撂荒最为普遍,并伴随致人伤亡事件的快速增加,约占“肇事”总数量的1/4(23.66%)。目前情况下,野猪“肇事”蔓延趋势和危害性是一种典型的生态系统“反服务”现象,这种现象的加剧是生态恢复、禁猎政策、农地与生态用地界线不清、野猪生存力强且缺少天敌等因素的综合作用结果,对撂荒地利用、农户生计改善以及区域生态安全维持已构成明显...     

醚菊酯对日本囊对虾肝胰腺细胞DNA损伤效应的研究

为检测中国近海海洋环境中菊酯类农药等污染物对日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicas)的基因毒性及其危害程度,作者首次使用醚菊酯对日本囊对虾进行毒理实验,将日本囊对虾分为6组进行不同剂量的处理,采用彗星实验分析技术对处理培育25 d的日本囊对虾DNA损伤情况进行检测,并通过Comet Score 1.5分析软件对实验图谱进行拖尾率、尾长、彗尾DNA相对含量、尾距、Olive距等DNA损伤指标的统计分析,在对各指标分别建立一元回归方程的基础上,又通过SPSS软件进行判定分析,筛选影响作用更大的检测指标,建立了多参数的多元回归方程。实验结果发现,与空白对照组相比,日本囊对虾各实验处理组肝胰腺细胞DNA均有不同程度的损伤且各检测指标均有显著性差异(P0.01),各检测指标与处理浓度表现出良好的剂量效应关系,随着处理浓度递增,各检测指标都呈规律性的增长趋势。回归分析和相关系数表明:各检测指标与处理浓度具有高度的相关性,多项式回归方程(P0.05)和多元回归方程(P0.005)均有显著性的统计学意义,通过多元回归方程可以有效地推断醚菊酯处理浓度和处理时间。     

Lamb波相控阵结构健康监测成像技术

在分析相控阵波束指向的控制过程与介绍相控阵结构健康监测原理的基础上,利用相控阵原理控制Lamb波的时间延迟使其在结构损伤处聚焦.通过比较结构健康状态与损伤状态的传感器响应信号,获取Lamb波损伤散射信号;采用相控阵技术控制损伤散射信号时间延迟得到不同方向的信号,进而实现对结构的多方位扫描,根据扫描信号特点,将各方向的监测结果信号采用灰度图像显示.该方法在铝板结构中实现损伤的定位成像,其不仅能够精确定位损伤位置,而且能够直观清晰显示结构损伤.     

Discontinuous GBSAR deformation monitoring

This paper is focused on deformation monitoring using the Ground-Based SAR (GBSAR) technique and a particular data acquisition configuration, which is called discontinuous GBSAR (D-GBSAR). In the most commonly used GBSAR configuration, the radar is left installed in situ, acquiring data periodically, e.g. every few minutes. Deformations are estimated by processing sets of GBSAR images acquired during several weeks or months, without moving the system. By contrast, in the D-GBSAR the radar is installed and dismounted at each measurement campaign, revisiting a given site periodically. This configuration is useful to monitor slow deformation phenomena. This paper outlines the D-GBSAR data analysis procedure implemented by the authors. This is followed by a discussion of some specific aspects of D-GBSAR monitoring. Two successful examples of D-GBSAR monitoring are discussed: one concerns an urban area, while the second one involves a rural area where the monitoring requires the use of artificial corner reflectors.     

自适应变异粒子群优化灰色模型在变形分析中的应用

标准灰色模型GM(1,1)以序列第一个分量作为初始条件进行灰色微分建模,未能充分利用序列中的新信息;其背景值的构造本质上采用了数值积分中的梯形法,精度不高。针对上述缺点,提出一种基于粒子群算法的灰色预测模型,即PSOGM(1,1)模型,对初始值和背景值参数进行优化,并将模型应用于岩体变形分析中。计算结果表明,PSOGM(1,1)模型具有较高的预测精度,可作为变形分析的一种新方法。     

公路灾害遥感监测与评估系统的研究与实现

2008年交通运输部门开始尝试利用遥感技术开展公路灾害应急救灾辅助决策。文章详细阐述了公路灾害遥感监测与评估系统的研发背景、总体架构、系统功能设计与实现。该系统在青海玉树地震和四川雅安地震的成功应用表明,该系统对于缩短公路基础设施灾情调查时间,提升我国公路交通运输重大灾害应急减灾能力具有重要意义。     

自适应卡尔曼滤波在基坑变形监测中的应用

在现代建筑中基坑越来越深,基坑越深带来的危险就越大,因此准确地监测和预报基坑的变形趋势十分重要。卡尔曼滤波是经典的数据处理方法,但传统卡尔曼滤波所建立的数学模型不是很精确且动态噪音设计不易确定可能导致状态估计失真,甚至导致滤波发散的现象,本文利用方差补偿自适应卡尔曼滤波理论对太原万达广场某商住楼基坑位移监测数据进行处理,得出基坑位移变化趋势。