Deformation induced decoupling between U-Pb and trace elements in titanite revealed through petrochronology and study of localized deformation

In this contribution, we analyzed a pair of mafic samples collected from a recently identified shear zone and its proximal footwall from the Manicouagan Imbricate Zone (MIZ) of the central Grenville Province, Québec, Canada. Titanite petrochronology, metamorphic phase equilibria modelling, trace element thermometry, and electron backscattered diffraction data were used to define a Pressure-Temperature-time-Deformation path for the two samples. An interconnected dislocation network within titanite grains, as outlined with Kerneled Average Misorientation maps, are spatially correlated with variation in the U-Pb system but not with that observed for trace element These results suggest that the U-Pb system was decoupled from trace and rare earth elements and that deformation, rather than interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation reactions or re-crystallisation, was the main driver for this decoupling. In addition to highlighting a potential pitfall of titanite petrochronology, our P-T-t-D path reveals that ductile shear zones were active later than previously suggested within the MIZ.     

新疆温宿核桃生长关键期气象指标及气象灾害影响

对温宿核桃物候期、生长气象条件及主要气象灾害进行了统计分析,以期为有效防灾减灾措施的提出提供参考依据。结果表明：2000年至今核桃花芽膨大期、果实成熟期差异变化不明显,展叶期和开花期逐年均呈偏早趋势;花期与开花期间≥3℃积温、4月日照时数呈显著正相关,积温越高、日照时数越多,花期越早;果实成熟期与6月日照时数相关最为显著,日照时数越多,成熟期越早,反之越晚;越冬期日最低气温-25℃以下持续7天以上,或极端低温-28℃以下持续24小时以上,核桃树就可能遭受冻害。花期主要影响气象灾害为大风浮尘、高温,果实生长期为高温、持续降水,越冬休眠期主要为低温冻害。     

高寒隧道保温结构的优化设计研究 ——以西藏圭嘎拉隧道为例

为了提高季节冻土隧道的防冻保温性能,常采用铺设聚氨酯类有机保温层的方式以防止围岩冻结,但由于有机材料在冻融循环过程中老化速度快、保温结构设计缺少科学依据等局限性,使得部分隧道在长期运营过程中反复出现冻融病害。以西藏圭嘎拉隧道为研究对象,通过建立热流固耦合计算模型,对现行保温措施的防冻效果进行分析,发现距离洞口一定长度范围内的围岩仍会发生冻融破坏。在隧道运营后第20年2月15日,距洞口5 m处断面拱顶围岩的边界温度仅为-0.91 ℃,并且该关键位置的纵向冻结长度超过500 m,严重影响隧道结构的安全。为防止此隧道出现冻害问题,提高其服役能力,拟采用新型无机建筑材料气凝胶毡对隧道的保温结构进行加固,其具有良好的保温、阻燃和耐久性能,并且铺装简便、易于操作。此外通过对不同厚度气凝胶毡条件下的围岩温度场进行多维度分析,确定了最不利时刻气凝胶毡厚度与拱顶围岩关键位置纵向冻结长度之间的关系。研究成果可为圭嘎拉隧道防冻保温优化设计提供技术支持,不仅能保障隧道结构的安全性和稳定性,也能为季节冻土隧道保温结构的设计、施工及维护提供参考依据。     

渤中34-9油田储层敏感性评价

渤中34-9油田为我国海上首个火成岩发育区的大型油田,油田位于渤中34围区,其主要目的储层为东三段和沙河街组。为加强油田储层保护,提高油气产量,本文通过分析储层岩性特征、孔渗特征和流体特征,对储层岩心进行速敏、水敏、盐敏、碱敏和酸敏储层敏感性评价,进而直观、定量地评价该油田储层损害因素,并针对性地提出预防和减少储层侵害的合理化建议,对渤中区块储层保护工作具有重要的现实意义。     

革新钻井液技术以促进干热岩产业化开发

我国干热岩资源丰富,利用系数高,可为电力提供稳定基础荷载,被认为是能够担负起能源革命重任的可再生清洁能源,其规模开发对我国实现“碳达峰和碳中和”具有重要意义。然而,经历近半个世纪,目前世界范围内仅有少量利用EGS技术开发的干热岩示范项目有微量发电,实现产业化目标尚有许多技术瓶颈。通过研究EGS开发过程和钻井液技术,笔者提出：EGS钻井过程中存在钻井液漏失。因此,钻井液组分自身、钻井液与岩屑或井壁岩石、钻井液与热储裂缝表面岩石,在高温高压下会发生各种理化反应,生成新的物质。这些新的物质可能会沉淀在井壁和裂缝表面,甚至可能与井壁或裂缝表面岩石固结成一体,降低裂缝的有效空间,甚至封堵裂缝,且难以清除,使热储导流能力极大降低,难以达到发电要求的流量。因此,革新钻井液技术理念,研究EGS高温高压环境下钻井液组分和岩屑与温压之间的相互关系及其对钻井液性能的影响,利用先进的计算机数据统计、分析和计算技术,对钻井液性能、钻井液在井筒的流动特性以及钻井液与热储岩石的配伍性进行精准预测和控制,避免或减少钻井液漏失以及钻井液在热储环境下与岩石的反应,消除钻井液对热储伤害,提高渗透率,可能是干热岩产业化的技术突破。     

北京地区玉米风灾损失定量评估模型研究

风灾是北京地区玉米减产的一个重要因素,是影响玉米产量最常见的一种气象灾害,严重的风灾可造成玉米绝收。为实现对玉米风灾造成损失的定量评估,利用收集到的历史上出现的玉米风灾及产量损失数据,结合自动气象站观测资料,分析了风灾发生过程中对玉米产量损失影响显著的气象因子,最终确定选取玉米受灾过程中的最大风速的最大值、持续时间内的最大风速的平均值、最大风速持续时间和过程降水量4个气象因子,并考虑到玉米不同生育期抗风能力的不同,增加了玉米生育期影响因子,利用这5个要素,运用统计学方法建立了北京地区玉米风灾损失定量评估统计模型。通过对样本数据的拟合及剩余样本的检验,建立的定量损失评估模型具有一定的准确性和实用性,可为政策性农业保险的定损,以及生产部门确定风灾损失及保险公司理赔提供科学依据。     

Damage Identification of A TLP Floating Wind Turbine by Meta-Heuristic Algorithms

Damage identification of the offshore floating wind turbine by vibration/dynamic signals is one of the important and new research fields in the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). In this paper a new damage identification method is proposed based on meta-heuristic algorithms using the dynamic response of the TLP (Tension-Leg Platform) floating wind turbine structure. The Genetic Algorithms (GA), Artificial Immune System (AIS), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) are chosen for minimizing the object function, defined properly for damage identification purpose. In addition to studying the capability of mentioned algorithms in correctly identifying the damage, the effect of the response type on the results of identification is studied. Also, the results of proposed damage identification are investigated with considering possible uncertainties of the structure. Finally, for evaluating the proposed method in real condition, a 1/100 scaled experimental setup of TLP Floating Wind Turbine (TLPFWT) is provided in a laboratory scale and the proposed damage identification method is applied to the scaled turbine.     

Induction of DNA strand breaks in the mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and clam (Protothaca staminea) following chronic field exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the Exxon Valdez spill

In 2002, 13 years after the Exxon Valdez spill, mussels and clams were examined for lingering oil exposure and damage. Known oil patches were sampled at four locations, and compared to nearby reference areas (same bay), and were also compared to "hot reference" sites to verify the methods used (Cordova harbor and fresh diesel spill at Port Chalmers). Passive samplers deployed for a month at the sites, along with tissue samples, confirmed that the oiled sites were oiled (fingerprinting back to Exxon Valdez oil) and that reference sites were clean. The highest PAH loads were detected in sub-surface interstitial waters at oiled sites. Exposure at the surface was generally low level, and probably intermittent. DNA damage was assessed in blood cells using sensitive comet analyses. DNA strand breakage was detected in both mussels and clams, with the highest level of damage detected at "hot reference" sites of Cordova harbor and Port Chalmers. Bioavailability and DNA damage at the oiled sties was low, indicating there has been substantial progress in recovery from the spill 13 years before, yet low level bioavailability and damage were still detectable.     

2005年巴基斯坦北部7.8级地震灾害调查与分析

2005年10月8日巴基斯坦北部发生了7.8级大地震,本文作者在参加中国国际救援队现场地震救援的同时,深入地震重灾分布区开展了工程震害的现场调查工作。本文基于震害调查结果,分析了此次地震灾害状况和工程震灾特点,探讨了其产生的原因,并且给出了一些经验教训。     

Characterisation of deformation and flow mechanics around porphyroclasts in a calcite marble ultramylonite by means of EBSD analysis

This paper studies the flow heterogeneity around porphyroclasts associated with greenschist facies deformation of a calcite marble shear zone. Microstructural data from electron backscatter diffraction analyses (EBSD) are used to constrain the flow mechanics of this dominantly non-coaxial type of deformation. The microstructure of the undisturbed ultramylonite (grain-size range 5–100 μm, mean 40 μm) is interpreted to represent steady-state (time-independent) flow conditions with flow planes parallel to the shear zone boundary. Single calcite porphyroclasts (grain-size 1–3 mm) caused flow perturbation in the fine-grained marble ultramylonite. It is the shape, in particular, of these rigid porphyroclasts that controls their rotational behaviour during deformation and, therefore, the development of specific flow fabrics. The flow planes around elongated-rhomboidal, stable porphyroclasts change the orientation to become roughly parallel to the porphyroclast margin, whereas the geometry of flow planes around nearly equant, rotating porphyroclasts describes a δ-type flow pattern. We infer that to some extent decoupling at the clast–matrix interface has occurred to guarantee a stable orientation of elongated porphyroclasts, but was not sufficient to reduce the rotation rate of equant clasts to zero. According to the flow deflection, the general crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) with its single c-axis maximum perpendicular to the flow plane is rotated about an axis which is (sub)parallel to the kinematic rotation axis of the shear zone. Ultramylonite microstructures, CPOs and misorientation data are best explained by the dual operation of grain-size-insensitive (dislocation creep with recovery and recrystallization) and grain-size-sensitive (diffusion creep) mechanisms. The limited grain-size reduction around porphyroclasts suggests that the grain-size-insensitive mechanisms controlled rheology.