Numerical modeling of the elastoplastic damage behavior of dry and saturated concrete targets subjected to rigid projectile penetration

The objective of the present paper is to present a numerical study on the penetration performance of concrete targets with 2 different water contents. Numerical analysis has been performed by using the finite element code Abaqus/Explicit, in which a coupled elastoplastic damage model has been developed for saturated/unsaturated concrete under a wide range of confining pressures. The performance of proposed model has been firstly verified by simulating the triaxial compression tests and penetration tests realized with saturated/dry concretes. Comparisons of available experimental results and numerical simulations show that the proposed model is able to reproduce satisfactorily the mechanical behavior of saturated and dry concretes. A higher failure stress and a more important pores closing are generally obtained in dry concrete samples with respect to saturated ones. Furthermore, the main observed patterns of penetration test realized with saturated concrete targets are also satisfactorily simulated by the numerical results. Therefore, the proposed model is used to numerically predict the penetration performance of dry concrete target, and the penetration performance of dry/saturated concrete target is discussed. We observe that in dry concrete target, the penetration of projectile is strongly declined, and a smaller damage zone is created. The numerical predictions and discussions can help engineers to enhance their understandings on the influence of hydraulic conditions on structural vulnerability of concrete structures subjected to near‐field detonations or impacts.     

Evaluation of excavation‐induced relaxation and its application to an arch dam foundation

Based on the damage mechanism of rock during excavation, the maximum tensile strain criterion for pinpointing relaxation region or excavation‐disturbed (damage) zone (EDZ) is introduced. To simulate the deformation and stress redistribution caused by the deterioration of the deformation and strength parameters in the EDZ, the ‘restraint‐relaxation’ finite element algorithm is formulated using the deformation and strength parameters of pre‐and post‐relaxation. The Xiaowan arch dam project (292 m high) is studied by the proposed method, in which the permissible tensile strain and fluidity parameter are evaluated using back analysis. The computation results have good agreement with the field monitoring. An important inference from the study is the necessity of considering the relaxation effects on the dam/foundation system during the construction and operation period. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hydro‐economic modelling framework for flood damage estimation and the role of riparian vegetation

A modelling framework for the quick estimate of flood inundation and the resultant damages is developed in this paper. The model, called the flood economic impact analysis system (FEIAS), can be applied to a river reach of any hydrogeological river basin. For the development of the integrated modelling framework, three models were employed: (1) a modelling scheme based on the Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAN model that was developed for any geomorphological river basin, (2) a river flow/floodplain model, and (3) a flood loss estimation model. The first sub‐model of the flood economic impact analysis system simulates the hydrological processes for extended periods of time, and its output is used as input to a second component, the river/floodplain model. The hydraulic model MIKE 11 (quasi‐2D) is the river/floodplain model employed in this study. The simulated flood parameters from the hydraulic model MIKE 11 (quasi‐2D) are passed, at the end of each time step, to a third component, the flood loss model for the estimation of flood damage. In the present work, emphasis was given to the seasonal variation of Manning's coefficient (n), which is an important parameter for the determination of the flood inundation in hydraulic modelling. High values of Manning's coefficient for a channel indicate high flow resistance. The riparian vegetation can have a large impact on channel resistance. The modelling framework developed in this paper was used to investigate the role of riparian vegetation in reducing flood damage. Moreover, it was used to investigate the influence of cutting riparian vegetation scenarios on the flow characteristics. The proposed framework was applied to the downstream part of the Koiliaris River basin in Crete, Greece, and was tested and validated with historical data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using DNA damage to monitor water environment

DNA damage of aquatic organisms living in polluted environments can be used as a biomarker of the genotoxicity of toxic agents to organisms. This technique has been playing an important role in ecotoxicologlcal study and environmental risk assessment. In this article, main types of DNA damage caused by pollutants in water environments were reviewed; methods of detecting DNA damage were also documented for water environmental monitoring.     

Three‐dimensional simulations of tensile cracks in geomaterials by coupling meshless and finite element method

Failure in geotechnical engineering is often related to tension‐induced cracking in geomaterials. In this paper, a coupled meshless method and FEM is developed to analyze the problem of three‐dimensional cracking. The radial point interpolation method (RPIM) is used to model cracks in the smeared crack framework with an isotropic damage model. The identification of the meshless region is based on the stress state computed by FEM, and the adaptive coupling of RPIM and FEM is achieved by a direct algorithm. Mesh‐bias dependency, which poses difficulties in FEM‐based cracking simulations, is circumvented by a crack tracking algorithm. The performance of our scheme is demonstrated by two numerical examples, that is, the four‐point bending test on concrete beam and the surface cracks caused by tunnel excavation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑基质吸力的非饱和土邓肯-张统计损伤修正模型

为反映非饱和地基土变形全过程,以某基础工程非饱和土为研究对象,开展固结排水三轴压缩试验。研究发现,非饱和土的偏应力-应变曲线形态近似双曲线,基质吸力对土体力学行为影响十分明显,基质吸力越大,土体偏应力越高。根据非饱和土变形特性及工程特点,选取邓肯-张双曲线模型作为基础模型,引入统计损伤理论,假设非饱和土微元强度服从Weibull概率密度分布,建立邓肯-张统计损伤模型。通过搭建初始切线模量与基质吸力的联系,建立一种新的考虑基质吸力的非饱和土邓肯-张统计损伤模型。给出参数解析方法,得到Weibull分布参数经验表达式,从而修正模型。分析不同基质吸力条件下非饱和土损伤累积规律,采用所建模型和传统邓肯-张模型对比验证非饱和土偏应力-应变试验曲线,证明所建模型的可行性和合理性。研究成果为非饱和土的力学特性研究及辨识模拟提供一定参考。     

锆石辐射损伤测年方法研究进展与应用

锆石辐射损伤测年是一种新兴的低温热年代学方法(封闭温度为～230±25℃),其原理是依据拉曼半高宽(ν₃)计算出锆石所累积的α通量,结合U、Th含量,得出锆石辐射损伤的累积时间,即锆石辐射损伤年龄。相较于其他低温年代学方法,锆石辐射损伤测年具有测试简便、高效、低成本、双(多)定年等优势,在地学研究中展现出广泛的应用前景,现已成功应用于示踪物源区和揭示岩体热事件等领域。然而,该方法尚存几个关键问题有待解决,例如,微区测试的空间不匹配性、封闭温度存有争议、较大的年龄偏差等,这无疑阻碍其在地球科学领域中更进一步的推广和应用。本文系统地介绍了锆石辐射损伤测年方法的起源、原理和测试方法,总结了相关应用的重要进展,阐述了锆石辐射损伤测年方法的尚存问题,并对该方法的发展趋势作以展望,以期为年代学的发展提供新的技术手段。     

热-水-力作用下圆孔花岗岩的动态损伤特征及结构模型

基于深层地热能开采时储能区井筒围岩所处的工程环境,采用高温加热、不同温度水浸泡、加热-循环次数及径向冲击加载的方法模拟井筒围岩经历的高温、遇水、循环采热及热冲击等造成的动力扰动等物理力学条件。同时,以不同内孔直径的同心圆孔岩样模拟深层地热井,采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统开展热-水-力作用下圆孔花岗岩的动态力学试验,并结合VIC-3D非接触应变测量及数值模拟分析技术监测冲击过程中圆孔岩样裂隙萌发、形成的历程和表面应变演化的规律,揭示热-水-力作用下圆孔岩样的动态损伤破坏机制。研究结果表明：径向冲击荷载作用下圆孔花岗岩先后经历弹性变形、塑性变形、结构失稳破坏3个典型阶段;内孔直径、加热温度、浸水温度、加热-浸水循环次数4因素都弱化了圆孔花岗岩抗外界荷载的能力,但未改变其整体的变形演化规律;圆孔花岗岩的破坏模式是动态拉伸破坏,先沿冲击方向由内孔壁向岩样外壁,再垂直冲击方向由岩样外壁向内孔壁萌发、贯通裂纹,形成近垂直的两组破裂面。最后,基于圆孔花岗岩的损伤变形特征及历程,在一定假设基础上,建立动态损伤结构模型,推演了结构方程,并结合试验结果确定了方程参数,通过对比分析发现,理论拟合曲线与试验...     

含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤机制研究

对消落带劣化岩体及水库诱发地震共同影响下三峡库区某典型危岩边坡的稳定性进行了研究,设计并开展了几何相似比为1:100的振动台模型试验,探讨了含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏演化全过程及其动力响应规律。研究表明：含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏全过程可归结为坡体内部损伤累积—裂隙发育—次级节理与深大裂隙贯通—失稳倾倒,同时伴随消落带岩体表层松动—掉落—破坏及内部出现渗流网—形成渗流通道—形成“凹腔”的复合破坏模式;随着地震动的持续,危岩体内部动力响应规律具有典型的“趋高”及“趋表”效应,危岩边坡表面累积位移不断增加,消落带处孔隙水压力整体增加,危岩边坡内部水平向及竖直向土压力在全阶段中整体均呈先增大后减小的规律;危岩边坡自振频率及阻尼比在全阶段整体呈减小和增加的趋势;在小震结束前阶段及强震阶段,危岩边坡损伤度曲线分别呈“S”型分布和指数型分布。     

岩石中平面装药爆炸作用下不同高跨比结构抗爆性能试验研究

通过平面装药加载试验,研究了平面装药爆炸荷载作用下不同高跨比结构的抗爆性能。结合历次强爆炸结构效应试验,分析了强爆炸作用下硬岩中支护结构不同破坏等级对应的破坏特征。详细描述了不同高跨比结构的宏观破坏形态,揭示了结构的破坏机制。试验表明：3种不同高跨比结构在荷载环境相同情况下,结构的破坏特征和破坏等级不同,高跨比为1.17的结构试验段,拱部产生挤压、压剪破坏,坑道内呈现中等堵塞,属于严重破坏;高跨比为1.50的结构试验段,拱脚产生贯穿压剪破坏带,直墙受拉伸剥离破坏,坑道内呈现中等剥离,剥落混凝土在底板形成大量堆积,属于中等破坏;高跨比为1.00的结构试验段,主要受劈裂剥离破坏,坑道内呈现轻微剥离,剥落混凝土在底板形成局部堆积,属于中等破坏。综合分析可知,高跨比为1.00的结构型式整体抗爆性能最佳。