复杂地区油气地球物理勘探技术集成

随着我国油气勘探程度的不断提高,勘探难度不断加大.全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价项目历经六年,通过对深水海域、西部复杂山地、西藏高原、南方碳酸盐岩、火山岩覆盖区等几类典型地球物理勘探久攻不克的复杂地区开展地震、重磁电、综合地球物理勘探联合攻关,以及天然地震层析成像攻关实验,取得了长足进步,直接带动获得了一批有价值的油气...     

Evolution of deep-water stratigraphic architecture, Magallanes Basin, Chile

The ˜4000 m thick and ∼20 Myr deep-water sedimentary fill of the Upper Cretaceous Magallanes Basin was deposited in three major phases, each with contrasting stratigraphic architecture: (1) the oldest deep-water formation (Punta Barrosa Formation) comprises tabular to slightly lenticular packages of interbedded sandy turbidites, slurry-flow deposits, and siltstone that are interpreted to record lobe deposition in an unconfined to weakly ponded setting; (2) the overlying, 2500 m thick and shale-dominated Cerro Toro Formation includes a succession of stacked conglomeratic and sandstone channel-fill deposits with associated finer-grained overbank deposits interpreted to record deposition in a foredeep-axial channel-levee system; (3) the final phase of deep-water sedimentation is characterized by sandstone-rich successions of highly variable thickness and cross-sectional geometry and mudstone-rich mass transport deposits (MTDs) that are interpreted to record deposition at the base-of-slope and lower slope segments of a prograding delta-fed slope system. The deep-water formations are capped by shallow-marine and deltaic deposits of the Dorotea Formation.These architectural changes are associated with the combined influences of tectonically driven changes and intrinsic evolution, including: (1) the variability of amount and type of source material, (2) variations in basin shape through time, and (3) evolution of the fill as a function of prograding systems filling the deep-water accommodation. While the expression of these controls in the stratigraphic architecture of other deep-water successions might differ in detail, the controls themselves are common to all deep-water basins. Information about source material and basin shape is contained within the detrital record and, when integrated and analyzed within the context of stratigraphic patterns, attains a more robust linkage of processes to products than stratigraphic characterization alone.     

深水牵引流沉积研究进展与展望

深水牵引流沉积是继深水重力流沉积之后发现的又一种新的深水沉积类型，目前已发现的深水牵引流沉积包括等深流沉积和内潮汐、内波沉积两种类型。综述了深水牵引流沉积的研究历史、现状与进展，指出了其存在的问题及发展趋势。     

Growth history of fault-related folds and interaction with seabed channels in the toe-thrust region of the deep-water Niger delta

The deep-water fold and thrust belt of the southern Niger Delta has prominent thrusts and folds oriented perpendicular to the regional slope that formed as a result of the thin-skinned gravitational collapse of the delta above overpressured shale. The thrust-related folds have grown in the last 12.8 Ma and many of the thrusts are still actively growing and influencing the pathways of modern seabed channels. We use 3D seismic reflection data to constrain and analyse the spatial and temporal variation in shortening of four thrusts and folds having seabed relief in a study area of 2600 km² size in 2200–3800 m water depth. Using these shortening measurements, we have quantified the variation in strain rates through time for both fault-propagation and detachment folds in the area, and we relate this to submarine channel response. The total amount of shortening on the individual structures investigated ranges from 1 to 4 km, giving a time-averaged maximum shortening rate of between 90 ± 10 and 350 ± 50 m/Myr (0.1 and 0.4 mm/yr). Fold shortening varies both spatially and temporally: The maximum interval shortening rate occurred between 9.5 Ma and 3.7 Ma, and has reduced significantly in the last 3.7 Ma. We suggest that the reduction in the Pliocene-Recent fold shortening rate is a response to the slow-down in extension observed in the up-dip extensional domain of the Niger Delta gravitational system in the same time interval. In the area dominated by the fault-propagation folds, the channels are able to cross the structures, but the detachment fold is a more significant barrier and has caused a channel to divert for 25 km parallel to the fold axis. The two sets of structures have positive bathymetric expressions, with an associated present day uphill slope of between 1.5° and 2°. However, the shorter uphill slopes of the fault-propagation folds and increased sediment blanketing allow channels to cross these structures. Channels that develop coevally with structural growth and that cross structures, do so in positions of recent strain minima and at interval strain rates that are generally less than −0.02 Ma⁻¹ (−1 × 10⁻¹⁶ s⁻¹). However, the broad detachment fold has caused channel diversion at an even lower strain rate of c. −0.002 Ma⁻¹ (−7 × 10⁻¹⁷ s⁻¹).     

The Cretaceous sedimentary history of the Pindos Basin (Greece)

The Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Pindos Zone in western Greece document the evolution of a Tethyan deep-water basin. New sedimentological and micropalaeontological studies reveal a complex basin history. Siliceous sediments with abundant radiolaria and organic-rich facies prevailed up to the early Late Cretaceous. Within the sediment-starved pre-Middle Cenomanian, marked black shale levels appear that are probably linked to oceanic anoxic events. At the change from the late Early to the early Middle Cenomanian, the sedimentary regime altered abruptly. The early Late Cretaceous is characterized by major calcareous redepositional events (orbitoline horizons) and often associated siliciclastic turbidite deposition (submarine-fan environments). In the late Late Cretaceous, carbonate supply increased rapidly, resulting in the evolution of a carbonate slope and basin-plain setting. Pelagic and allodapic limestones recorded basinwide blooms in planktonic foraminifera (elevata event) and a polyphase redepositional history that is interpreted to reflect the sensitivity of the basin to the tectonic evolution of Apulia.     

Upward-thickening patterns and lateral continuity of Permian sand-rich turbidite channel fills, Laingsburg Karoo, South Africa

Abstract Analysis of extensive exposures of the Permian Laingsburg Formation, Karoo basin, South Africa, have enabled a detailed reconstruction of the base of slope stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments in a deep-water system characterized by a very narrow grain-size range (fine sandstone). The deposits include an ≈ 4 km wide and 80 m thick channel complex, fringed by sandy sheet deposits that extend laterally for at least 6 km across depositional strike. Within the channel complex, individual channel fills are marked by shallow basal erosion surfaces draped by thin, parallel-stratified beds of very fine sandstone and siltstone, interpreted as flow tails to largely bypassing flows. These thin beds are overlain by 0·4 to 5 m thick beds of structureless, fine-grained sandstone that represent the majority of the channel fills. The basal packages may be partially to completely removed by localized scour in the axial zone of the channel complex but can be mapped laterally into overbank areas where they thicken and are dominated by rippled fine sandstones with intercalated siltstones. Axial confinement resulted from subtle topography on the basin floor, whereby the lower, dense parts of the initially erosive and bypassing flows were partially confined in the lows and the more dilute, slower moving upper parts of the flows deposited sheet-like successions across slightly elevated overbank areas. The narrow grain-size distribution prohibited the formation ofcoarse-grained residual bypass deposits during the initial phases of channel formation. With decreasing magnitude, later flows became more depositional, filling remaining axial depressions with thick-bedded structureless sandstone. The smaller volumes of late-stage sediment were more axially focused, producing local scour-and-fill features and starvation of the overbank areas. Resulting grain-size vertical profiles are complex. The basal flow tail packages and overlying massive deposits form a thickening and slightly coarsening-upward trend in the channel fills. The overbank deposits show a thinning- and fining-upward profile as a result of less bypass plus late-stage starvation of sand. Application of traditional deep-water facies models could therefore potentially lead to erroneous interpretations of the channel complex as a prograding lobe and the overbank sheets as channel-fills.     

南海北部东沙海域巨型水下沙丘的分布及特征

本文基于多波束测深和高分辨率多道反射地震数据研究了东沙海域深水巨型水下沙丘的特征.巨型水下沙丘发育在230~830m水深的上陆坡范围内,呈斑块状分布.NW-SE向的近海底流体运动不仅冲蚀地层,形成了三条与水下沙丘间隔分布的冲蚀带,为水下沙丘提供了沉积物来源,同时也为水下沙丘的形成提供了动力源.研究区水下沙丘波长(L)范围55~510m,波高(h)范围1.5~20m,二者呈指数关系分布.沙丘的波长随水深增大而增大,波高则在500~700m水深范围内最大.水下沙丘NE—SW向展布的脊线和几何参数关系是与现今水动力条件相平衡的结果.     

深水沉积研究前缘问题

深水沉积研究经历了50年,争论也持续了50年。从浊流及鲍玛序列开始,随着对浊流定义的过分使用,到今天对鲍玛序列作为浊积岩相序及相关的扇模式普遍持否定态度,深水沉积研究经历了一个认识的旋回。主要问题和争论的焦点是：是否所有深水砂岩都是浊流成因,鲍玛序列能否代表浊积岩相序;是否所有的深水扇水道下方都能形成席状的、平行的、加厚的、具有丘状外形的浊积砂岩沉积;是否可以利用地震方法识别深水扇的砂岩储层。对“浊流”概念的过分使用把深水扇模式内几乎所有深水沉积都解释成浊流成因,导致了曾经为之建立模式的学者纷纷撰文抛弃原有扇模式。深水沉积研究面临着对过往认识的否定和如何建立新的理论模式。尽管浊流及相关的深水扇模式研究走向穷途末路,石油工业却从浊流理论和相关模式中获得了许多油气发现,勘探家们仍然希望通过这些模式寻找更多的油气,科学理论和应用出现了分化。对深水沉积过程和流态的认识及沉积模式的建立是当今深水沉积研究的难点,实现深水砂岩储层的有效预测是深水沉积研究的主要目的。我国深海油气勘探在即,深水沉积的科学问题同样不可逾越。     

Vertical and lateral organization of a carbonate deep-water slope marginal to a submarine fan system, Miocene, southern Turkey

Organization is recognized in the forereef–deep water slope–submarine fan system of the Burdigalian-Langhian Kaplankaya Formation. A basinwards transition from a prograding shelfal reef complex, through forereef talus, deep-water slope and laterally encroaching bypass deep-water clastic system is described, although the deep-water slope makes up the bulk of the succession. Considerable thickness variations occur between the reef and deep-water clastic complexes; these are controlled by sea-floor topography, carbonate foreslope gradient and degree of mass wasting off the platform and foreslope. The vertical and lateral heterogeneity of the Kaplankaya deep-water slope system is described from a number of localities along a 40-km-long and up to 3-km-wide exposed section of the northern margin of the Miocene Adana Basin, a foreland basin setting resulting from thrust sheet loading from the north during the Tauride Orogeny. Detailed field mapping is supplemented with vertical sedimentary logs, photomosaics, palaeontological and petrological data to investigate stratal variation, diagnostic architectural elements, controls on slope progradation, differential timing of basinward encroachment of the reefal complex and lateral onlap of the deep-water clastic system onto the slope. Three-dimensional models are presented showing the vertical and lateral facies associations in different parts of the deep-water slope system, and provide a basis for architectural prediction of geometry and relative position in such environments.     

珠江口盆地深水区珠海组陆架边缘三角洲特征及其意义

陆架边缘三角洲发育于大陆架边缘、由物源越过陆架坡折并在陆坡沉积而形成, 分布广、储层发育, 其富油气性已经全球多个地区的勘探实践所证实。基于最新钻井与地震资料综合分析, 首次系统揭示了珠江口盆地深水区珠海组大型陆架边缘三角洲的分布与结构充填, 分析了其发育的主控因素与油气勘探意义。研究表明, 珠海组陆架边缘三角洲剖面上呈S形、斜交或叠瓦状前积结构, 钻井揭示为厚层水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂与前三角洲泥互层沉积, 平面上北东向展布于白云凹陷至鹤山凹陷一带。白云凹陷段三角洲规模相对较小, 以斜交前积为主;白云南洼东段呈S形前积结构, 顶积层为厚层水下分流河道与河口坝砂岩, 前端深水水道与深水扇发育;南部隆起段以斜交、叠瓦状前积为主, 规模较小;鹤山凹陷段以S形前积结构为主, 发育大型下切谷与深水扇。晚渐新世构造活动相对平静, 深水区形成了稳定的陆架坡折带, 古珠江携带的充沛物源与珠海组时期相对海平面下降促使了陆架边缘三角洲的发育。珠海组陆架边缘三角洲的泥质沉积是一套中等-好的烃源岩, 同时其发育也为海相泥岩带来了丰富的陆源有机质;陆架边缘三角洲的河口坝、水下分流河道、席状砂分布广、纵向厚度大, 是深水区重要的储层类型, 其前端发育的深水扇体是有利勘探目标。