试论实施防震减灾社会动员的途径与方法

0前言中国是一个多地震国家,频繁而严重的地震灾害给人民生命和财产带来了巨大的损失,防震减灾任务任重而道远。回良玉副总理2004年在全国防震减灾工作会议讲话中指出:“防震减灾是全社会共同的责任,要广泛动员社会各方的力量,积极投入到这项事业中来,使防震减灾逐步成为全社会的自觉行动。”因此,总结近40年我国防震减灾工作和改革开放的实践经验,对社会公众进行各种防震减灾宣传教育,广泛动员全社会力量,建立健全防震减灾社会动员机制,增强全社会防震减灾意识,是提高我国综合防震减灾能力,有效地促进地震灾害综合防御各项措施落实的重要途…     

基于广义SMP破坏准则的柱形孔扩张问题理论分析

采用应力跌落的简化应力-应变模型考虑土的应变软化特性,同时采用简化的体积应变?v与大主应变?1及大主应变?1与小主应变?3之间的相互关系反映土的剪胀特性,根据空间准滑动面(SMP)理论和平面应变轴对称问题的柱形孔扩张基本方程,推导并给出一般黏性土中柱形孔扩张问题的应力场、应变场、位移场、塑性区半径和孔扩张压力。通过算例分析,探讨了土的剪胀因素、软化特性对孔扩张问题的影响程度。为了反映中主应力的影响,将本文解与基于Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的解答进行了比较。计算结果表明,土的剪胀性和软化特性及中主应力对孔扩张问题的影响是显著的,基于Mohr－Coulomb破坏准则的孔扩张解答往往偏于保守。     

Empirical Relationships for Debris Flows

The assessment of the debris flow hazard potential has to rely on semi-quantitative methods. Due to the complexity of the debris-flow process, numerical simulation models of debris flows are still limited with regard to practical applications. Thus, an overview is given of empirical relationships that can be used to estimate the most important parameters of debris-flow behavior. In a possible procedure, an assessment of a maximum debris-flow volume may be followed by estimates of the peak discharge, the mean flow velocity, the total travel distance, and the runout distance on the fan. The applicability of several empirical equations is compared with available field and laboratory data, and scaling considerations are used to discuss the variability of the parameters over a large range of values. Some recommendations are made with regard to the application of the presented relationships by practicing engineers, apart from advocating field reconnaissance and searching for historic events wherever possible.     

Evaluating fine sediment mobilization and storage in a gravel‐bed river using controlled reservoir releases

Two controlled flow events were generated by releasing water from a reservoir into the Olewiger Bach, located near Trier, Germany. This controlled release of near bank‐full flows allowed an investigation of the fine sediment (<63 µm) mobilized from channel storage. Both a winter (November) and a summer (June) release event were generated, each having very different antecedent flow conditions. The characteristics of the release hydrographs and the associated sediment transport indicated a reverse hysteresis with more mass, but smaller grain sizes, moving on the falling limb. Fine sediment stored to a depth of 10 cm in the gravels decreased following the release events, indicating the dynamic nature and importance of channel‐stored sediments as source materials during high flow events. Sediment traps, filled with clean natural gravel, were buried in riffles before the release of the reservoir water and the total mass of fine sediment collected by the traps was measured following the events. Twice the mass of fine sediment was retained by the gravel traps compared with the natural gravels, which may be due to their altered porosity. Although the amount of fine sediment collected by the traps was not significantly related to measures of gravel structure, it was found to be significantly correlated to measures of local flow velocity and Froude number. A portion of the traps were fitted with lids to restrict surface exchange of water and sediment. These collected the highest amounts of event‐mobilized sediments, indicating that inter‐gravel lateral flows, not just surface infiltration of sediments, are important in replenishing and redistributing the channel‐stored fines. These findings regarding the magnitude and direction of fine sediment movement in gravel beds are significant in both a geomorphic and a biological context. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华南花岗岩中铀活化转移的地球化学证据

采用诱发裂变径迹法研究，发现华南产铀花岗岩副矿物中的铀沿微裂隙活化转移和交代蚀变矿物的自洁作用迫使载体矿物中的铀活化再分配的地球化学现象。与经过０．０５ｍＨＣ１溶液浸泡的花岗样品进行第二次诱发裂变径迹照射结果对比，确认为活化铀的存在，并具有易转移的特点。蚀变轩上岩取订及铅同位素组成研究提供了铀在热液蚀变过程中活化转移的佐证。γ能谱测量结果证实，花岗岩中的部分铀在风化作用过程中已活化转移而钍则基本存     

广西地洼型古岩溶与成矿

广西中生代岩溶作用有两期:地洼初动和激烈期。这两期岩溶作用形成的地下洞穴,分别为T_3-J_2、K-E的洞穴堆积物——岩溶沉积岩充填或成为目前已不被现代地下水循环所利用的化石岩溶-古岩溶沉积体。地洼初动期岩溶作用,与Cu、zn、Mo、Ag、Sb、Au、U等成矿关系密切,形成古岩溶矿床。成矿物质来源于先成的矿源层、体或矿化、经表生风化浸出,由地表水带入古地下洞穴中,在细菌作用下富集成矿。这种类型矿床,在广西找矿潜力很大。找矿模式可归纳为:先成的矿源→地洼→古叠置型岩溶洼地→地洼初动期岩溶沉积体→亲硫元素和放射性等异常→沿古岩溶方向沉积体中下部→矿体。     

河北下营房金矿床的复合成矿作用及矿床组合研究

研究矿床的复合成矿作用和矿床组合具有重要的经济和理论意义.作者认为,矿床是与由硅铝层(包括部分绿岩带)深熔而成的花岗岩有成因联系,为绿岩带中的金、银、铁等元素经岩浆的混合作用和后期火山-次火山热液的活化迁移而成的.金矿床的多种成因类型和不同地质特点,与成矿的多期性和阶段性有关.     

东亚地区黄沙长距离输送模式设计

在比较国内外相关起沙机制模型的基础上,结合中国北方大量气象台站的有关起沙过程的观测资料,提出了一个适合我国北方的用于黄沙输送模拟与预报的新的起沙机制模型。采用此起沙模型,通过对黄沙输送过程中的干沉降过程、降水清除过程的参数化处理,建立了适合东亚地区的分谱的黄沙输送模式。模式考虑了黄沙的分谱机理及可能的微物理过程。通过与实测资料的对比,表明模式可以较好地模拟黄沙的输送过程。     

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床蚀变带元素迁移特征及定量计算

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床（MSD）位于华北地台东北部的浑北花岗岩-绿岩地体内,矿区岩石在30～28 亿年期间受到了600～650℃的高级角闪岩相变质。研究结果表明,广泛分布于红透山层状矿体下盘数百米处的和直接产于矿体下盘的堇青-直闪片麻岩,分别代表了变质后的MSD成矿系统以绿泥石化为特征的半整合和筒状不整合海底热液蚀变带。微量元素特征显示,层状堇青-直闪片麻岩的原岩并非同一种岩石,而是由5种不同岩性的岩石组成,筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩的原岩主要由流纹质岩石组成,而在堇青-直闪片麻岩走向上与之过渡的角闪片麻岩和黑云片麻岩则代表了不同岩性蚀变岩的未蚀变原岩。质量变化计算表明,相对于未蚀变原岩而言,两种蚀变岩的成分发生了显著变化,其中层状堇青-直闪片麻岩的Fe、Mg发生了富集,Na、K、Ca、Cu、Pb和Zn等元素被迁出,而筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩的Fe、Mg、Si、Na、Pb、Cu和Zn等元素则发生了富集,K被迁出。重稀土元素（HREE）和高场强元素(Zr、Ti、Nb、Hf和Ta)在海底热液蚀变过程中保持惰性,而Rb、Sr、Ba和轻稀土元素（LREE,尤其是Eu）则被强烈的迁出。这些元素变化特征表明海底热液蚀变以绿泥石化和硅化为特征,同时海底水-岩反应体系具有高水/岩比值。层状堇青-直闪片麻岩可作为红透山矿区成矿潜力评价的重要依据,而含硫化物石英脉的筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩不但本身可成为工业矿体,还可作为上覆层状矿体的近矿找矿标志。     

中国东部幔源流体的活动特征与成藏效应

中国东部进入地洼构造演化阶段后发生了一系列构造活化现象,形成了一系列伸展性断层和巨型深大断裂带,其中的一些超壳或岩石圈断裂成为壳幔物质与能量交换,特别是地幔流体上升的主要构造通道。在郯庐断裂带附近及两侧的松辽、辽河、黄骅、济阳、苏北和三水盆地(坳陷)中的许多气井中,He和CO2的含量很高,部分气井中He的浓度超过其工业品位(0.05%)CO2的含量在80%以上,甚至近于纯CO2气藏。这些气井中的He和CO2不仅显示幔源特征,而且CO2具有岩浆成因特征。此类幔源气体一般都和壳源气体组分复合,在储盖层及构造圈闭发育的地区聚集成藏。