1989年大同震群的体破裂特征

采用点源位错模型,由区域地震台网的P,S振幅资料,反演得到1989年10月大同震群135次小震的可信震源机制解.结果显示机制解的空间取向分布比较离散,但其优势及平均方向与震群中3次最大地震的断层面解一致,和华北构造应力场的应力作用方式相符.讨论了小地震对序列地震过程的贡献,表明大量小震的群体行为对震源体起着重要的作用.由震源的时空分布图像,展现出震源体动态扩展、“处处”破裂的特征.由此得出,大同震群并非沿着已有的断层面滑动所致,而可能是该区域新生的破裂;震源体内的多次破裂没有沿一个断层面扩展,而表现为一种体破裂的过程.     

河北兴隆煤田巨厚煤层的地层归属

限据海水进退规程、植物化石、火山碎屑岩分布及煤层发育等情况进行对比,华北地台北部晚古生代普遍存在的巨厚煤层应归属太原组。     

Subsidence development with time — experiences from longwall operations in the Appalachian coalfield

Summary The development of mining subsidence, from the immediate roof to the surface, has a dynamic character and it is related to the progress of underground mining and time. Subsidence prediction methods which can pre-calculate the final and intermediate stages of this process are important in mine design. In this paper a prediction method proposed by Knothe (1953), and based on Gauss distribution of influences and Mitsherlich's law of limited increase, is presented and applied to determine the subsidence development over time in the Appalachian coalfield. The method has yielded very promising results and it was verified for a number of longwall case studies.     

Arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of Datong Basin: Hydrochemical and mineralogical evidences

To better understand the sources and mobilization processes responsible for arsenic enrichment in groundwater in the central part of Datong Basin where serious arsenic poisoning cases have been reported, hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater and the geochemical and mineralogical features of the aquifer sediments were studied. The aqueous arsenic levels are strongly depth-dependent in the study area and the high arsenic concentrations are found at depths between 15 m and 60 m, with a maximum up to 1820 μg/L. The hydrochemical characteristics of high arsenic groundwater from the Datong Basin indicate that the mobilization of arsenic is related to reductive dissolution of Fe oxides/oxyhydroxides and/or desorption from the Fe oxides/oxyhydroxides at high pH (above 8.0). The bulk chemical results of sediments show the arsenic and iron are moderately correlated, suggesting that arsenic is associated with iron-bearing minerals. Results of sequential-extraction experiment show that solid-phase arsenic is similarly distributed among the different pools of reservoir in the aquifer sediments. Strongly adsorbed arsenic and co-precipitated arsenic are its dominant species in the solid-phase. Geochemical studies using chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy on magnetically separated fractions demonstrate that iron oxides/oxyhydroxides with residual magnetite and chlorite, illite, iron oxides/oxyhydroxides-coated quartz and feldspar, and ankerite are the dominant carriers of arsenic in the sediments. The major processes of arsenic mobilization are probably linked to desorption of As from Fe oxides/oxyhydroxides and reductive dissolution of Fe-rich phases in the aquifer sediments under reducing and alkaline conditions.     

测井方法在青海木里煤田冻土研究中的应用

研究表明冻土的电阻率为非冻土的3倍,常规测井参数可用于冻土层的综合解释,而井温曲线的＂U＂字型与＂L＂字型不但可以划分不同性质的冻土层,而且能够准确的解释其冻土厚度。通过分析聚乎更、江仓、热水三个矿区的30个测温孔,发现其井田北部和南部区域,多年冻土层均有增厚的趋势,底界从北到南逐渐加深。对江仓矿区的长期观测及矿井开拓,验证了多年冻土层的总体变化范围与所获测井成果基本一致。根据对木里煤田冻土的研究,发现测井解释的多年冻土层厚度一般小于其真厚度,而季节性冻土层的解释厚度要大于其真实厚度。     

利用三维地震资料研究鱼卡煤田7煤层厚度

7煤层为青海省鱼卡煤田主要可采煤层,中国煤炭地质总局水文物测队利用该区的高精度三维地震数据体,结合钻孔资料,对7煤层厚度与其反射波T7波的相位特征、振幅特征、频率特征进行相关性研究。结果表明,T7波的相位特征与7煤层厚度有较好的相关性,而T7波的频率特征、顺层振幅与7煤层厚度的相关性很差,即使煤层较厚时也是如此。通过例举薄煤层、较厚煤层、厚煤层等具体实例,说明煤层与反射波相位个数及相位时差具有正相关关系。由不同煤厚模型（0-50m）正演出的自激自收时间剖面反射波相位特征,也验证了7煤层厚度变化与其T7波相位特征的关系。     

深部煤炭资源勘查模式及其构造控制

中国煤盆地构造演化的时空差异性和煤田构造格局的复杂性．是决定煤炭资源勘查难易程度,以及勘查手段的选择和勘查工程布置的首要地质因素。在分析中国东部煤炭资源特点以及深部煤炭地质勘查所面临的困难和挑战的基础上,讨论了勘查区类型和勘查模式的概念。划分出深部煤炭资源勘查区的4种基本类型：①老矿区深部或外围勘查区;②深部新区勘查区;③复杂地质条件勘查区;④生产矿井深部煤层勘查区。总结了不同勘查区类型的地质构造特征,建立了与之相适应的勘查模式。     

祁连山大通河源区冻土特征及变化趋势

大通河源区位于祁连山中东部, 属高山多年冻土区, 利用源区内冻土钻探及监测资料对源区冻土发育的基本特征及变化趋势进行了分析和探讨. 冻土地温分析表明, 源区冻土年平均地温随海拔的变化梯度约为3.82 ℃·km^-1, 且冻土地温与表层覆被条件关系密切. 盆地平原地带多年冻土厚度约为17~86 m, 且以海拔每上升100 m冻土厚度增加约10 m的梯度增加. 多年冻土活动层厚度受海拔地带性作用不显著, 更多地受局地因素的控制, 地表覆被条件成为其主要影响因素. 在气温升高以及人类活动日益增多的影响下, 源区冻土整体处于退化状态, 多年冻土年平均地温以0.0075 ℃·a^-1的速率上升.     

两淮煤田煤系地层岩石热导率特征

基于对淮北和淮南煤田煤系地层所测定的127块岩石样品的热导率结果,对测试的岩石热导率结果进行校正,还原 岩石初始压力和温度环境下的热导率,校正结果值略大于实测值。同时结合区内前人的实测数据,全面报道了两淮煤田岩 石热导率参数及其特征,并从多方面分析了影响热导率大小的因素。结果表明：两淮煤田煤系地层岩石热导率变化范围为0.37～ 4.36 W/mK,平均值2.54 W/mK;热导率与岩性、埋藏深度、地层时代和密度等相关密切,砂岩的热导率普遍大于泥岩和 煤,热导率和深度、密度均表现为正相关关系。     

西昆仑早古生代岩浆弧大同岩体中埃达克质岩石的成因及地质意义

大同岩体位于西昆仑柯冈-库地-其曼于特和麻扎-康西瓦两条蛇绿混杂岩带之间。为进一步了解西昆仑早古生代岩浆弧中某些具体岩石类型、岩浆产生机理、地质意义及成因联系,本文从岩相学、主微量元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素等方面,对大同岩体中和外围新发现的埃达克质岩石进行了研究。埃达克质岩石由石英二长花岗岩和黑云母二长花岗岩两种岩性组成,呈独立的岩体和大同主岩体中的脉体两种产状,高硅(w(SiO₂)≥60.34%)、高铝(w(Al₂O₃)≥14.73%)、富碱(w(K₂O+Na₂O)≥6.40%)、低镁(w(MgO)≤2.35%),以及高锶(w(Sr)≥504×10^-6)、低钇(w(Y)≤17.20×10^-6)和高Sr/Y(平均为70.88),富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素,不同程度负Eu异常及Ta、Nb、P和Ti亏损。锆石U-Pb测年显示,埃达克质岩石年龄为(443.6±1.4)~(462.0±1.0)Ma,与大同主岩体的形成年龄相当。锆石ε_Hf(t)为-7.28~4.56(平均-0.84),我们认为埃达克质岩石是由原特提斯洋洋壳及部分洋壳之上的陆源沉积物向南俯冲过程中,发生部分熔融形成的熔体上升过程中与地幔楔橄榄岩反应,最后定位于地壳浅层的结果。通过与大同岩体主岩体对比,对早古生代岩浆弧的形成和演化有了更深入的了解。