海南石碌铁矿床构造变形特征及其与铁多金属成矿富集的关系

海南石碌铁矿曾被誉为“亚洲最大的富铁矿”,其形成、定位与褶皱变形及伴随的剪切、塑性流动等构造密切相关。石碌矿区构造变形大致分为早期(D1)复式向斜的形成时期、晚期(D2)褶皱叠加和剪切变形时期。后者又进一步分为韧-脆性变形(D2a),脆-韧性变形、层间滑脱断层形成(D2b)和脆性变形、矿体破坏(D2c)3个阶段。石碌铁矿床受NW—SE向复式向斜及其与NE—NNE向褶皱叠加所形成的横跨或斜跨褶皱的严格控制;褶皱过程所伴随的剪切变形和高温塑性流动是富铁矿形成的重要机制。复式向斜轴部,尤其是2期向斜褶皱轴的叠加部位往往可发现厚大的富铁矿体。     

岩石变形、流体压力与热液成矿关系的研究现状

地壳中岩石的变形模式受构造应力、流体压力和上覆岩层重力共同作用的影响。岩石组成和构造应力的大小、方向决定着岩石的变形过程,同时岩石的破裂还受先存断裂构造的影响。流体压力增大,岩石可以发生水力破裂,而引起水力引张破裂的条件是σ1-σ3<4T和Pf=σ3+T。随着深度的增加,受地温梯度的影响,岩石由脆性变形向韧性变形转变。在无流体超压影响的情况下,脆韧性转换的温度在300~450℃之间,大约在地壳15km处。当流体压力和应变速率增大时,韧性条件下的岩石变形行为由韧性向脆性变化,脆韧性转变的深度随之增大。从构造角度探讨热液成矿作用,热液矿床形成的深度与流体压力、应变速率、裂隙的发育、介质的渗透率、温度变化等相关。岩石断裂的类型和方向影响岩石的渗透率,提供流体运移的通道和聚集场所,控制矿床形成的深度、位置和矿体产状。     

胶东半岛烟台地区邢家山钨钼矿床地质特征及其辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年

邢家山钨钼矿床是山东省唯一的大型钼矿床,其中伴生钨达到中型规模。辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年结果表明,5件辉钼矿的187Re-187Os等时线年龄为157.6Ma±3.9Ma,MSWD=0.24;加权平均模式年龄为161Ma±1.0Ma,MSWD=0.7。胶东金矿省金矿的主成矿期为110～130Ma,钨钼矿床的成矿时代比金矿早30～50Ma,表明胶东半岛在中生代至少存在2期成矿作用,早期以钼成矿为主,晚期以金成矿为主。结合区域成矿年代学数据,邢家山钨钼矿床成矿时代与南岭成矿带东段钨矿床主成矿期是一致的,表明150～160Ma是中国东部一个重要的成矿作用时期,为构筑中国东部成矿域的精细成矿年代学结构提供了依据。     

云南镇康地区芦子园铅锌矿床控矿因素浅析

镇康芦子园矿床经初步评价为一大型铅锌多金属矿床,属于早期沉积(火山沉积)、后期热液改造的热液型矿床。矿体主要赋存于镇康复背斜北西翼的次级芦子园背斜的晚寒武世沉积地层中,是由晚寒武世的沉积成岩作用局部形成富含Pb、Zn、Cu、Ag等元素,后期经区域浅变质作用,特别是区内岩浆影响下的热变质和热液交代作用使元素发生迁移、富集而形成的,构造和层位等控矿明显,热液蚀变是区内找矿标志之一。矿体形成与矽卡岩化、硅化、大理岩化、磁铁矿化等蚀变有关,成矿与构造、深部断裂、岩浆活动、成矿热液活动密切相关。     

三道湾子金矿床矿石特征及金的赋存状态研究

三道湾子金矿是与大兴安岭燕山期火山活动有关的浅成中-低温热液金矿,矿石类型主要为石英脉型.矿石的结构为自形-半自形-它形粒状结构、碎裂结构、交代结构、包含结构.矿石的构造为致密块状构造、稀疏浸染状构造、角砾状构造、细脉状构造.矿体浅部金矿物以自然金、银金矿为主,呈裂隙金、粒间金、包裹金分布,金矿物以细粒为主,载金矿物主要为石英;深部富矿段金、银主要以碲化物形式存在,赋存于石英颗粒间或裂隙中.反映了成矿流体的阶段性及层次性.     

湖南锡田钨锡多金属矿床地质特征及找矿方向

锡田钨锡多金属矿床是国土资源大调查以来在南岭地区发现的又一大型矿床.矿床产于锡田复式花岗岩体内外接触带及岩体内部,其形成与燕山早期花岗岩关系密切.岩体接触面及断裂构造的控矿作用明显.矿床类型主要为矽卡岩型,其次为破碎带蚀变岩型和云荚岩脉型等.论文通过成矿地质条件、矿床地质特征的综合分析,结合近几年的找矿实践,提出了该区下一步的找矿方向主要集中在西部的垄上-狮子岩、东部的碉堡山-黄沙冲一带及地表云英岩脉带发育地段,外围找矿方向分布在南西部的花里泉一带.     

锡铁山片岩型铅锌矿床稀土元素成因标志

锡铁山(碳质)片岩型矿床具典型的"双层结构",笔者对层状矿体中硫化物、硅质岩及其围岩火山岩稀土元素分析表明,硫化物∑REE较低,在4.78×10-6～7.24×10-6之间,具明显负Eu异常,Ce异常总体不明显;硅质岩∑REE较高,在102.64×10-6～168.82×10-6之间,负Eu异常明显,Ce异常不明显;矿下中酸性火山岩的稀土元素总量普遍较高,负Eu异常明显,Ce异常不明显,矿上火山岩稀土元素组成变化较大,δEu值0.70～1.03(平均0.90),无明显Eu异常.分析认为,锡铁山(碳质)片岩型矿床是热水喷流-沉积作用的结果,成矿物质主要来自下伏火山岩及地壳深部.     

湘西北黑色岩系中的镍钼矿床及其贵金属矿化特征

湖南西北部下寒武统黑色岩系蕴藏着丰富的镍钼钒多金属矿床及其伴生的Au,Ag,Pt,Pd等贵金属矿化。它是我国新类型的镍钼矿床及贵金属矿化极具找矿潜力的地区。富含有机质和黄铁矿的黑色岩系既是镍钼矿的富集层,也是贵金属矿化的主要富集层。矿床的成矿作用是伴随热水的加入而开始,热水沉积与正常沉积交替期是成矿的高峰期,至正常沉积期结束。生物及生物地球化学作用在黑色岩系的成岩成矿过程中起了重要作用。矿床以同生沉积为主,兼有热水性质沉积特点。其成因应归属于生物地球化学沉积矿床范畴。     

Geology, Geochemistry and Minerogenesis of the Shijuligou Zinc–Copper Deposit in Gansu, China

Abstract: The Shijuligou deposit was separated by an arcuate ductile shear zone cross the center of the deposit region, resulting in the difference between the southern and northern ore bodies. The lead (Pb) isotopic data of ores of the Shijuligou copper deposit have averages of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb in 17.634, 15.444, and 37.312, respectively. It has been shown that ore-forming metals originated from intrusive and extrusive rocks in the upper part of ophiolites. The sulfur isotopic data of pyrite and chalcopyrite in the northern part change from +7.61‰ to +8.09‰ and +4.95‰ to +8.88‰ in the southern part. Isotopes of δ18O in the Shijuligou copper deposit are between +11.1‰ and +18.6‰, with the calculated δ18OH2O at +0.65‰. It is suggested that the mineralized fluid is a mixture of magma fluid, meteorological water, and seawater through circulating and leaching metals from the volcanic rocks. The zircon uranium-lead (U–Pb) dating of gabbro is 457.9±1.2 Ma, and the lower crossing age of the discordant and concordia curves of pyroxene spilite of zircon is 454±15 Ma. It is indicated that the Shijuligou deposit formed in a new ocean crust (ophiolite) of the back-arc basin in the late Ordovician. Mineralization should occur in the intermittence period after strong volcanic activity, and the age should be the late Ordovician. Moreover, the mineralization of ophiolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits in the ancient orogenic belt of the late Ordovician in the northern Qilian Mountains was controlled by the primary fault/fracture, with the forming of a metallogenic hydrothermal system by a mixture of volcanic magma fluid and seawater, which circularly leached the metallogenic metals from the volcanic rocks, resulting in their accumulation. The ore bodies were transformed with morphology and metallogenic elements. Jasperoid is an important sign for prospecting such deposits. There were many island arcs in the continent of China. This study provides evidence for understanding and exploration of ophiolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits in western China, especially in the area of northern Qilian Mountains.     

Is there a superior conceptual groundwater model structure for baseflow simulation?

Previous work has shown that streamflow response during baseflow conditions is a function of storage, but also that this functional relationship varies among seasons and catchments. Traditionally, hydrological models incorporate conceptual groundwater models consisting of linear or non‐linear storage–outflow functions. Identification of the right model structure and model parameterization however is challenging. The aim of this paper is to systematically test different model structures in a set of catchments where different aquifer types govern baseflow generation processes. Nine different two‐parameter conceptual groundwater models are applied with multi‐objective calibration to transform two different groundwater recharge series derived from a soil‐atmosphere‐vegetation transfer model into baseflow separated from streamflow data. The relative performance differences of the model structures allow to systematically improve the understanding of baseflow generation processes and to identify most appropriate model structures for different aquifer types. We found more versatile and more aquifer‐specific optimal model structures and elucidate the role of interflow, flow paths, recharge regimes and partially contributing storages. Aquifer‐specific recommendations of storage models were found for fractured and karstic aquifers, whereas large storage capacities blur the identification of superior model structures for complex and porous aquifers. A model performance matrix is presented, which highlights the joint effects of different recharge inputs, calibration criteria, model structures and aquifer types. The matrix is a guidance to improve groundwater model structures towards their representation of the dominant baseflow generation processes of specific aquifer types. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.