全新世北半球典型冷事件的模拟研究

全新世冷事件期间的气候格局及其成因是过去气候变化研究的热点问题.利用基于通用气候系统模式开展的TraCE-21ka气候模拟试验资料,在定义和提取典型冷事件的基础上,分析了全强迫试验模拟的全新世北半球多次冷事件的规模及冷事件发生时温度与降水的空间特征,并结合全强迫试验中使用的4个外强迫序列(淡水注入、轨道强迫、大气温室气体、大陆冰盖)及其对应的单因子敏感性试验,初步探讨了部分典型冷事件的成因.结果表明: TraCE-21ka模拟的冷事件年份与重建/集成序列的冷事件年份对应较好,模式较好地模拟出了全新世北半球的冷事件;全新世期间,北半球共发生了 10 次典型冷事件( 9. 7 ka B. P.、 8. 3 ka B. P.、 7. 3 ka B. P.、6. 2 ka B. P.、 5. 2 ka B. P.、 4. 2 ka B. P.、 3. 4 ka B. P.、 2. 1 ka B. P.、 1. 0 ka B. P.和 0. 2 ka B. P.);每次冷事件发生时,北半球大范围降温和变干,温度变化呈现明显的纬度地带性差异,中高纬地区降温最显著,低纬10°N附近降水减少最显著;在 8. 3 ka B. P.、 7. 3 ka B. P.、 6. 2 ka B. P.、 5. 2 ka B. P.、 4. 2 ka B. P.、 3. 4 ka B. P.、 2. 1 ka B. P.和1. 0 ka B. P.共8次冷事件中,北半球温度和降水的空间变化较为相似,北大西洋经圈翻转流( Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,简称 AMOC)变弱导致了冷事件,格陵兰岛南部的北大西洋海域降温和变干尤为显著;9. 7 ka B. P.和3. 4 ka B. P.的冷事件可能与轨道强迫有关,淡水注入造成了8. 3 ka B. P.和7. 3 ka B. P.的冷事件, 0. 2 ka B. P.冷事件可能与大气温室气体波动有关.地球系统内部变率对于冷事件的发生可能也有一定影响.     

Heinrich Events and Heinrich(-like) Events

Ice-raft debris layers in the North Atlantic sediments of IRD belt characterize abrupt climate variability, corresponding to Heinrich events during the Last Glacial and Heinrich(-like) events beyond the Last Glacial. During Heinrich/(-like) events, the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere interacted strongly on the millennial-scale and had a profound impact on the global climate. In more than 30 years of continuous research on Heinrich/(-like) events and their remote response, the results have been more focused on the trigger mechanism and the new distinguished proxies of Heinrich/(-like) events. The first occurrence of Heinrich/(-like) events in IRD belt during MIS 16 was the initiation of a major landmark climate mechanism after MPT. The research on Heinrich/(-like) events may require a new ice sheet dynamics model related to the large ice sheet and the long-term ice age, which is forming a new hot topic.     

岩浆作用与地球深部过程

为纪念马杏垣院士诞辰一百周年而作.首先简述了地球系统科学的基本思想和指导意义.指出岩浆作用实质上是地球各层圈之间相互作用的结果,岩浆是地球各层圈之间物质和能量交换的重要载体.通过众多研究实例,重点讨论了岩浆作用的地球动力学意义:一方面,火成岩及其所携带的深源岩石包体可以当作地球深部的"探针"和"窗口";另一方面,火成岩也是大地构造事件的记录,可以用以恢复古板块构造格局,追溯大地构造演化历史.     

Decoding Provenance and Tectonothermal Events by Detrital Zircon Fission‐Track and U‐Pb Double Dating: A Case of the Southern Ordos Basin

Multi-dating on the same detrital grains allows for determining multiple different geo-thermochronological ages simultaneously and thus could provide more details about regional tectonics. In this paper, we carried out detrital zircon fission-track and U-Pb double dating on the Permian-Middle Triassic sediments from the southern Ordos Basin to decipher the tectonic information archived in the sediments of intracratonic basins. The detrital zircon U-Pb ages and fission-track ages, together with lag time analyses, indicate that the Permian-Middle Triassic sediments in the southern Ordos Basin are characterized by multiple provenances. The crystalline basement of the North China Craton (NCC) and recycled materials from pre-Permian sediments that were ultimately sourced from the basement of the NCC are the primary provenance, while the Permian magmatites in the northern margin of NCC and Early Paleozoic crystalline rocks in Qinling Orogenic Collage act as minor provenance. In addition, the detrital zircon fission-track age peaks reveal four major tectonothermal events, including the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic post-depositional tectonothermal event and three other tectonothermal events associated with source terrains. The Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (225–179 Ma) tectonothermal event was closely related to the upwelling of deep material and energy beneath the southwestern Ordos Basin due to the coeval northward subduction of the Yangze Block and the following collision of the Yangze Block and the NCC. The Mid-Late Permian (275–263 Ma) tectonothermal event was associated with coeval denudation in the northern part of the NCC and North Qinling terrane, resulting from the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and Tethys Ocean toward the NCC. The Late Devonian-early Late Carboniferous (348±33 Ma) tectonothermal event corresponded the long-term denudation in the hinterland and periphery of the NCC because of the arc-continent collisions in the northern and southern margins of the NCC. The Late Neoproterozoic (813–565 Ma) tectonothermal event was associated with formation of the Great Unconformity within the NCC and may be causally related to the Rodinia supercontinent breakup driven by a large-scale mantle upwelling.     

On the response of the neutral temperature at 78°N and 90 km altitude to solar proton events

We are able to determine neutral air temperatures by examining the fading times of meteor trail echoes in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere. It has been suggested that solar proton events may stimulate both dynamic and aeronomic changes in the middle atmosphere and we have endeavoured to investigate this. Despite a variety of approaches to determine the background temperature above which we might expect to see enhancements under conditions of strong proton precipitation, we are unable to detect any significant changes. We have repeated the search during selected seasons and also with various proton flux thresholds, similarly to no avail. We conclude, therefore, that at 90 km altitude, 78°N and 16°E, at least, we are unable to detect enhanced neutral temperatures due to solar proton events. At best, any enhancements, predicted to be of the order of a few K only, are likely to be completely masked by the day-to-day variability of the temperature field.     

Paleoceanographic records in the Chukchi Basin, western Arctic Ocean during the late Quaternary

The late Quaternary paleoceanographic changes in the western Arctic Ocean are revealed by quantitative studies of foraminiferal abundance, ice-rafted detritus (IRD) and its mineralogical and petrological compositions, planktonic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) (Nps)-δ¹⁸O and -δ¹³C, biogenic and non-biogenic components in Core M03 token from the Chukchi Basin during the Second Chinese National Arctic Expedition cruise. Seven IRD events appeared at MIS 7, 5, 3 and 1. These IRD were carried in massive icebergs, which were exported to the Beaufort Sea through the M'Clure Strait Ice Stream, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and then transported into the Chukchi Basin by the Beaufort Gyre. Low IRD deposition occurred during the glacial times when more extended ice cover and weakened Beaufort Gyre, while the open water condition and the intensified Beaufort Gyre during interglacial periods favored the IRD deposition. Therefore, the IRD events not only indicate the provenance of coarser detritus and ice export events, but also reflect the evolutionary histories of the Beaufort Gyre and North American ice sheet. Seven light Nps-δ¹⁸O and -δ¹³C excursions could respond to enhanced rates of sea ice formation resulting in the production and sinking of isotopically light brines, but was irrelevant to the warm Atlantic water and freshwater inputs. Whereas, the heavy Nps-δ¹⁸O and -δ¹³C values separately reflect the lessened Arctic freshwater and Pacific water, and well-ventilated surface water from the continental shelf and halocline water. Variations of CaCO₃ content and planktonic foraminiferal abundance during the interglacial and glacial periods can demonstrate the incremental or diminishing input of the Atlantic water, while the total organic carbon (TOC) and opal contents increased and decreased during the glacial and interglacial periods, respectively, which could be related to the TOC degradation, opal dissolution and redox conditions of interface between the bottom water and sediments.     

MML-EM方法及其在化探数据混合分布中的应用

概率图法在筛分混合分布的问题上,只能对混合分布的各项参数作出粗略的估计.为了解决这一问题,引入了MML-EM法.模拟研究表明,在混合分布参数估计上,该方法比概率图法有更高的精度.以江西大吉山钨矿石英脉原生晕数据为例,经过该方法的筛分,得到钨、钽和铌的含量服从由2个子分布组成的混合对数正态分布,即双峰分布.结合前人的地质研究,可以初步得出结论:钨的高值总体代表了岩浆期后热液成矿期的热液充填石英脉型矿化,低值总体可能代表其他成矿期的事件,其中高值部分可能构成岩浆晚期浸染型的弱钨矿化.钽和铌的高值总体代表岩浆晚期的浸染型富矿化,低值总体代表其他成矿期的叠加矿化.该方法为化探数据中混合分布的筛分以及解释多地质成因总体提供了一种良好的定量化工具.      

中国区域降雪量和降雪频率对沙尘天气的影响作用分析

1970—2000年间气象台站降雪量和沙尘天气统计结果显示,在中国冬春季主要积雪覆盖区域,沙尘天气发生频次相对较低,各类沙尘天气基本发生在积雪覆盖率低、年降雪量少的区域。时间序列分析结果进一步显示,年降雪量和沙尘天气之间存在显著的负相关,降雪量的增多对沙尘天气的年发生次数具有明显的抑制作用。同时,年降雪频率也是影响沙尘天气爆发频次的重要因素之一。对于中国西北干旱少雪的地区,尤其体现在新疆北部地区,年降雪频率的增加能够显著地减少各类沙尘天气的发生次数。     

宁夏连阴雨(雪)过程变化规律研究

利用宁夏主要气象站1961年以来逐日降水及云量资料,定义了连阴雨（雪）日数的标准,分析了近50 a来宁夏连阴雨（雪）过程的分布特征、演变规律及与降水总量、干旱灾害的关系。1961年以来宁夏连阴雨（雪）过程总体呈下降趋势,尤其5~7日的过程显著下降;冬季连阴雨（雪）过程呈上升趋势,且近年来变率明显增大;其他季节呈下降趋势,尤其春季下降趋势最明显;进入21世纪以来,虽然连阴雨（雪）过程总体仍偏少,但比20世纪90年代明显增加,其中冬季各级别的次数均增加,而秋季4日以下、8日以上的连阴雨（雪）过程也增多,特别是8日以上的连阴雨（雪）过程,年、冬季、秋季均为各年代之首,尤其秋季平均每年偏多2.2站次。近50 a来,宁夏连阴雨（雪）过程降水量及持续时间均呈下降趋势,进入21世纪明显回升,且8日以上连阴雨（雪）过程、过程降水量超过50 mm的连阴雨均较80、90年代明显增加,尤其10日以上的过程总数及过程降水量在50.0~99.9 mm的连阴雨所占比例均达到各年代之最;连阴雨(雪)过程的减少使得降水量总量减少,干旱灾害增加。     

Extreme Cold Events from East Asia to North America in Winter 2020/21: Comparisons,Causes, and Future Implications

Three striking and impactful extreme cold weather events successively occurred across East Asia and North America during the mid-winter of 2020/21.These events open a new window to detect possible underlying physical processes.The analysis here indicates that the occurrences of the three events resulted from integrated effects of a concurrence of anomalous thermal conditions in three oceans and interactive Arctic-lower latitude atmospheric circulation processes,which were linked and influenced by one major sudden stratospheric warming(SSW).The North Atlantic warm blob initiated an increased poleward transient eddy heat flux,reducing the Barents-Kara seas sea ice over a warmed ocean and disrupting the stratospheric polar vortex(SPV)to induce the major SSW.The Rossby wave trains excited by the North Atlantic warm blob and the tropical Pacific La Nina interacted with the Arctic tropospheric circulation anomalies or the tropospheric polar vortex to provide dynamic settings,steering cold polar air outbreaks.The long memory of the retreated sea ice with the underlying warm ocean and the amplified tropospheric blocking highs from the midlatitudes to the Arctic intermittently fueled the increased transient eddy heat flux to sustain the SSW over a long time period.The displaced or split SPV centers associated with the SSW played crucial roles in substantially intensifying the tropospheric circulation anomalies and moving the jet stream to the far south to cause cold air outbreaks to a rarely observed extreme state.The results have significant implications for increasing prediction skill and improving policy decision making to enhance resilience in“One Health,One Future”.