雅鲁藏布江流域地-气系统的水平衡

利用NCEP/NCAR1980-1989年10年逐日00UTC、12UTC再分析资料及青藏高原降水、径流资料,研究了青藏高原雅鲁藏布江流域的水平衡特征,估算了雅鲁藏布江流域的蒸发、土壤和地下水含量。结果表明:雅鲁藏布江流域夏季是水汽辐合区,降水大于蒸发;秋末到次年春季是水汽通量辐散区,蒸发大于降水。降水主要集中在6～9月。径流的年际变化趋势同降水相近,径流主要是由降水补给的,径流峰值滞后降水峰值一个月。雅鲁藏布江流域土壤及地下含水量从1～6月逐渐减少,7月以后开始增加,10月是土壤及地下水最丰富的时段。20世纪80年代中期和后期降水、蒸发、径流等呈增长趋势,这同ENSO事件有关。     

汉源县大渡河“8.6”崩塌堵河灾害研究

2009-08-06四川省汉源县顺河乡猴子岩发生大型崩塌,90余万m~3崩塌体直接冲进大渡河,形成40 m高的堰塞坝,阻断大渡河,形成库容达6 000×10~4 m~3堰塞湖,导致2人死亡,29人失踪和重大财产损失.以现场调查与观测为基础,分析灾害发育条件和成灾过程,认为高陡边坡次级断裂造成的岩体破裂是崩塌发育的基础条件,"5.12"汶川大地震、强降雨及道路工程建设造成的边坡失稳是灾害发生的重要原因.针对崩塌堵河灾害的成灾特点,提出加强山区重大工程区地质灾害评价、预防、预警,科学设计、施工减少陡坡开挖,采取果断措施处置施工过程中出现的险情、灾情,及时在灾害点设置警示标志减少灾害损失等减灾对策.     

Possible impact of shallow interfluve traps on groundwater remediation

Shallow stratigraphic traps exist in certain geologic environments, which might complicate groundwater remediation efforts. Too often, pump-and-treat remediation wells are installed in geometric patterns designed to maximize cleanup operations. If, however, shallow stratigraphic traps are present, certain contaminants may be locally trapped and thus missed during cleanup operations. Alternatively, if shallow stratigraphic traps are delineated prior to location of cleanup wells, fewer wells may be needed for remediation. For example, a single well located at the trap apex, coupled with a single injection well, might be sufficient if: (1) all contaminants were contained in the trap, and (2) the trap was not laterally extensive. Interfluve stratigraphic traps are formed when braided outwash sands are subsequently covered by backswamp or lacustrine clay deposits. Such traps are common near-surface features of the valley train deposits of the Lower Mississippi River Valley and have relief of a few tens of centimeters to perhaps in excess of 10 m. Interfluve traps are also expected to commonly occur in many glaciated regions. Due to channel migration during backswamp clay deposition, and differing thicknesses of clay cover, it is unlikely that all interfluve traps can be delineated by a single method. Therefore, several geological techniques that might be useful in delineating shallow interfluve traps are briefly discussed here, as well as potential complications in using the described methods.     

某水电站坝前左岸古滑坡成因机制分析

古滑坡坐落于Ⅱ级阶地台面上,堆积物最大厚度可达50m余。利用FLAC^3D数值模拟得到的滑面在前缘位于基覆界面附近,与野外调查的结果一致。结合雅砻江河谷演化历史,从斜坡演化机制、边坡岩体的变形破坏模式,分析了古滑坡成因机制。研究表明：雅砻江快速下切使岸坡岩体浅表改造程度较为剧烈,不断增加的重力堆积静荷载与崩塌形成的瞬时冲击荷载加速了岩体的弯曲一拉裂变形进程,造成Ⅱ级阶地基座岩体发生突发性折断破坏．从而导致古滑坡失稳。     

黄河源区土地沙漠化及其对土壤碳库的影响研究

沙漠化过程不仅影响着区域社会经济稳定、可持续发展,而且对地球表层物质循环和能量转换过程产生重要的影响。因此,沙漠化对草地生态系统土壤碳库汇效应有重要的影响。结合黄河源区沙漠化过程的定量研究,探讨土地沙漠化过程对高寒草甸生态系统土壤碳库的影响。研究结果表明,从1990—2000年黄河源区沙漠化不仅表现为面积的扩展,而且表现为沙漠化程度的加重,沙漠化扩展和程度加重面积达1 067.69 km²。根据野外实测土壤剖面样品的理化分析测试确定的不同沙漠化土地的土壤有机碳密度,结合沙漠化土地的变化,获得从1990—2000年黄河源区沙漠化导致土壤有机碳流失量达4.11×10⁶ t,每年从土壤中流失的有机碳平均为0.41×10⁶ t。认为自然与人为因素导致的青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统的退化,不仅影响了高原区域可持续发展,而且将由碳汇转变为碳源并对全球气候的变化产生重大的影响。     

MODIS反照率产品在模拟黄河源区陆面过程和降水中的应用

地表反照率是陆面过程中一个重要的物理量, 其变化直接影响地表能量的收支状况, 进而可以影响气温和降水等其它气象要素。本文利用WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式, 通过两组数值模拟试验分别探讨了地表反照率改变在黄河源区不同下垫面情况下潜热、 感热的分配关系, 详细分析了地表反照率改变对降水变化的影响机制, 最后应用EOS/MODIS地表反照率产品替代原模式低时空分辨率的地表反照率。研究结果表明: (1)当地表反照率减少(增加)时, 模拟的区域平均地表温度、感热、潜热数值相应增大(减少)。当地表反照率减少0.1时, 地表温度上升约1.0 K, 感热和潜热量增量比约为3∶1。 (2) 地表反照率改变对降水量变化影响最大的区域是黄河源区下游的草场区域, 其次是黄河源头区域, 最小的是黄河源区北部的稀疏植被区域。地表反照率通过对大气动力、 热力以及水汽条件的影响, 使得降水发生的环境改变, 主要体现在: 当地表反照率减少时, 地表气压的减少使得大气低层的辐合气流增强, 有利于上升运动的发生; 2.0 m气温的升高增强了大气近地层的热力不稳定度; 2.0 m比湿的增加表明近地层空气水汽含量增加。 (3) 与实况对比分析发现, 使用卫星遥感产品后在月尺度上能够更准确地模拟降水量的变化过程。     

珠江三角洲城市群对雷暴的影响

利用2000—2007年广东省闪电定位仪所获得的地闪资料和广东省86个气象站所统计的雷暴日资料,对广东省(特别是珠江三角洲城市群区域)的雷暴日闪电频次变化进行了分析。结果表明:虽然珠三角城市群雷暴日与非城市群雷暴日相差不大,8年中变化也不大,但总闪远多于非城市群,总闪在8年中也有显著增长。珠三角城市群的单个雷暴的闪电频次要远多于非城市群区域,总闪增长也主要是单个雷暴的闪电频次的增长。而且,珠三角城市群对前汛期雷暴影响大,对后汛期影响相对较小。     

南疆开都河流域夏季径流量的变化及其特征分析

利用RegCM3模式对开都河流域2000-2006年夏季气候进行模拟,结果表明:模式对于流域夏季月降水总量和月平均气温的空间分布有较好的模拟能力。结合站点海拔高度值、实测值以及模拟量分别对降水、气温进行修正,并由此计算流域的面雨量和平均温度;结果表明开都河流域夏季面雨量与开都河同期实测径流量有较好的一致性,R~2达到0.97。对开都河流域夏季平均气温、面雨量以及径流量的分析表明,降水是影响流域夏季径流量的主要影响因子;而气温对于径流呈现负贡献的原因可能由于对温度敏感的小冰川大大减少,致使径流量随着温度增加而增加的关系减弱。此外,气温升高导致流域蒸散量的提高,可能是气温呈现负贡献的又一原因。     

Use of multitemporal remote sensing data for mapping the Alfios River network changes from 1977 to 2000

Alfios is the biggest river of the Peloponnese and the ninth longest river in Greece. It drains an area of almost 2575 km² in Western Peloponnese and discharges at Kiparissiakos Gulf. Due to its extent, the Alfios basin presents complex physiography and geomorphology.

During the last 50 years, major direct human activities have had an important impact on the river network shape and on the valley floor morphology. The most important human activities were the channel straightening caused by meander cut-offs in 1950, the construction of two dams: the Ladonas dam in 1955 and the Flokas dam in 1968 and the illegal in-stream gravel extraction that started in the 1960s and continues until today. As a result, the Alfios riverbed has presented very rapid vertical and horizontal (lateral) erosion and significant changes to its network shape. The drainage network follows a straighter course, the number of meanders has been reduced and the seventh order branch is deeply incised. Besides the morphological impacts to the river network shape there are also serious economic damages caused by human activity. During the winter of 1999, the Flokas dam bridge was closed for a long period due to damages at its foundation caused by the heavy rain and illegal gravel extraction. Transportation between the villages in the area became extremely difficult and time consuming and the cost of the repairs was estimated at 500 000 euros. In this study, there is an effort to map the network shape transformation for the period 1977–2000 using multitemporal and multisensor satellite images. One Landsat MSS image, three Landsat TM images, two Landsat ETM images, and one Terra ASTER image have been orthorectified and processed in order to cover the specific period. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques have been applied to map the changes in the Alfios River channel. The drainage network straightening and the cut-off of five big meanders were detected and mapped. These changes occurred between 1986 and 2000.     

基于泛珠三角的广东工业旅游探讨

基于建立泛珠三角的研究背景，通过对广州发展工业旅游的条件的分析得出结论，认为由于地缘关系和历史原因，在泛珠三角的成员中，广东最早接受香港地区的经济辐射，港澳台投资者在广东大量投资建厂，工业优势也日渐凸显，这种得天独厚的优势，为广东发展工业旅游奠定了坚实的基础。并通过对广东工业旅游示范点和其他适合发展工业旅游的企业进行调查分析和实证研究，总结了广东发展工业旅游的主要客源类型，并对广东工业旅游的发展提出了几点发展思路。工业与旅游相结合，两者完全可以达到双赢，并可以得到一定的社会效益，也是结论性认识。