Abstract Based on petrological, structural, geological and geochronological research, the authors summarize the progress of ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rock study since 1989 by Chinese geoscientists and foreign geoscientists in the Dabie-Su-Lu region. The authors introduce and discuss a two-stage exhumation process for the UHP metamorphic rocks that have various lithologies; eclogite, ultramafics, jadeitic quartzite, gneiss, schist and marble. The metamorphic history of UHP metamorphic rocks is divided into three stages, that is, the pre-eclogite stage, coesite eclogite stage, and retrograde stage. Prior to UHP metamorphism, the ultramafics had a high temperature environment assemblage of mantle and others had blueschist facies assemblages. The granulite facies assemblages, which have recorded a temperature increase event with decompression, have developed locally in the Weihai basaltic rocks. Isotopic ages show a long range from > 700 Ma to 200 Ma. The diversity in protoliths of UHP metamorphic rocks may be related to the variation of isotopic ages older than 400 Ma. The Sm-Nd dating of ~ 220 Ma could reflect the initial exhumation stage after the peak UHP metamorphism in relation to the collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze blocks and subsequent events. Petrological and structural evidence imply a two-stage exhumation process. During the initial exhumation, the UHP metamorphic rocks were sheared and squeezed up in a high P/T regime. In the second exhumation stage the UHP metamorphic rocks were uplifted and eventually exposed with middle crustal rocks. 相似文献
Detailed facies analysis of hyaloclastites and associated lavas from eight table mountains and similar "hyaloclastite volcanoes"
in the Icelandic rift zone contradict a rapid and continuous, "monogenetic", entirely subglacial evolution of most volcanoes
studied. The majority of the exposed hyaloclastite deposits formed in large, stable lakes as indicated by widespread, up to
300-m-thick, continuous sections of deep water, shallow water and emergent facies. Salient features include extensively layered
or bedded successions comprising mainly debris flow deposits, turbidites, base surge and fallout deposits consisting of texturally
and compositionally variable, slightly altered hyaloclastites, as well as sheet and pillow lavas. In contrast, chaotic assemblages
of coarser-grained, more poorly sorted and more strongly palagonitized hyaloclastite tuffs and breccias, as well as scoria
and lava are interpreted to have formed under sub- or englacial conditions in small, chimney-like ice cavities or ice-bound
lakes. Irregularly shaped and erratically arranged hyaloclastite bodies produced at variable water levels appear to have resulted
mainly from rapid changes of the eruptive environment due to repeated build-up and drainage of ice-bound lakes as well as
the restricted space between the ice walls. We distinguish a "deep water" facies formed during high water levels of the lake,
a hydroclastic shallow water and emergent facies (leakage of the lake or growth of the volcano above the water surface). Our
model implies the temporary existence of large, stable lakes in Iceland probably formed by climatically induced ice melting.
The highly complex edifices of many table mountains and similar volcanoes were constructed during several eruptive periods
in changing environments characterized by contrasting volcanic and sedimentary processes.
Received: 10 June 1997 / Accepted: 28 July 1998 相似文献