影响海州湾4—7月温带气旋大风客观预报方法研究

本文首先从亚欧天气图上查找1988—1997年4—7月逐月逐时次位于30—40°N、110—125°E范围内的温带气旋,按气旋所处位置分为黄河气旋和江淮气旋两大类,再按某类气旋出现时次后12h内、24h内海州湾地区有无大风分成4小类（总共8小类）。根据上述8类气旋出现的时次分类收集平壤、北京等17个主要站点当时及其前12h、前24h地面气温和海平面气压资料,对各类各站温压资料进行地区差、时间差计算处理。利用所得的实测资料,采用二级分辩的统计方法建立有无大风的分辩函数,从而做出海州地区未来12h和24h内有无大风的客观预报。经检验,此客观预报比以往的主观预报准确率提高13.8％。     

INDEX TO CONTENTS OF 2014 JMR

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Extreme Sea Levels Associated With Severe Tropical Cyclones Hitting Orissa Coast of India

Extreme sea levels associated with severe cyclonic storms are common occurrences along the east coast of India. The coastal districts of Orissa have experienced major surges in the past. The recent Paradip super cyclone is one of the most severe cyclones, causing extensive damage to property and loss of lives. Extreme sea levels are major causes for coastal flooding in this region. Damages can be minimized if the extreme sea levels are forecast well in advance. In the present study, we develop a location specific, fine resolution model for the Orissa coast on the lines similar to that of IIT-D storm surge model (Dube et al. 1994). The model runs on a personal computer. The bathymetry for the model is extracted from very fine resolution naval hydrographic charts for the region extending from the south of Orissa to south of West Bengal. A simple drying scheme has also been included in the model in order to avoid the exposure of land near the coast due to strong negative sea surface elevations. An attempt was made in this study to simulate extreme sea levels along the Orissa coast using the data of past severe cyclones. The model results reported in the present study are in good agreement with available observations or estimates.     

Numerical Simulation of Extreme Sea Levels for the Tamil Nadu (India) and Sri Lankan Coasts

Numerical modeling of extreme sea levels associated with tropical cyclones in the Indian seas has been confined to the northern part of the Bay of Bengal (north of Tamil Nadu). However, limited attempts have been made for modeling of surges along the Tamil Nadu and Sri Lankan coasts. Although, very rarely, cyclones form south of 10°N, there are some instances of severe cyclonic storms hitting these areas and causing widespread destruction to life and property. Keeping this in view, a suitable location-specific, high-resolution, numerical model has been developed for the prediction of storm surges in these regions with a grid resolution of 3 km. Using the model, numerical experiments are performed to simulate the storm surge associated with the 1964 Rameswaram cyclone, the 1978 Batticaloa cyclone, the 1992 Tuticorin cyclone, the 1993 Karaikal cyclone, and the 1994 Madras cyclone. During the years 1964, 1978, and 1992, the cyclones struck both Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu coasts, while in 1993 and 1994, the cyclones struck only the Tamil Nadu coast. It is found that the computed sea surface elevations are in close agreement with the available observations/estimates.     

两次江淮气旋的云雨特征及其人工播云效果的综合分析

用天气学、云物理学、统计计算和数值模拟等方法，对1997年5月份影响我省的两次江淮气旋降水系统进行了综合分析研究，发现(1)中低空水汽输送条件较好，都形成了大范围较稳定的降水性层状云系，出现了连续性降水。两次过程的深厚程度、动力条件有差别，云雨的宏微观特征也有所不同；(2)云中过冷层较厚，过冷水含量较高，大滴浓度较高，众数直径较大，有利于人工催化；(3)云层降水粒子的形成，在冷层以凝华和淞附增长为主，核化和繁生相对较小，进入暖层后，主要是云滴与雨滴以及雨滴间碰并为主；(4)用干冰进行了6架次人工增雨催化作业，经综合检验，约增雨10%～40%；(5)使用层状云数值模式进行人工催化模拟，当加入50个/L人工冰核，可使地面降水增加30%左右。如果过量播撒(加入500个/L)人工冰核，降水反而减少。     

西北太平洋TC高频源地与GMS-SST暖水区及ITCZ的匹配关系

利用GMS高精度遥感海表温度(SST)反演资料、外逸长波辐射(OLR)反演资料和西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)源地及频数数据,分析了GMS-SST、赤道辐合带(ITCZ)、TC源地及频数的时空分布特征。研究发现:TC源地、发生频数以及强度的时空分布和变化均具有趋暖性。GMS-SST大于等于28℃的阈值条件为西北太平洋TC发生和维持的必要条件。并且存在10°N高频收缩轴,其与由GMS-SST大于等于28℃所定义的西北太平洋暖水区,GMS-OLR小于等于240 W.m-2定义的ITCZ的时空分布及变化有很好的相关性,即存在TC高频源地—GMS-SST暖水区—ITCZ三者间的匹配相关。     

西北太平洋热带气旋在ENSO发展和衰减年的路径变化

本文运用有限混合模型算法对1979~2015年夏、秋季（6~11月）中国气象局（CMA）上海台风研究所（STI）的最佳路径数据集热带气旋（TC）路径进行聚类,将其路径分为七类,分别为第一类（西太西移型）、第二类（南海西移型）、第三类（沿海转折型）、第四类（低纬转折型）、第五类（洋面转折型）、第六类（近海转折型）、第七类（日本海转折型）;并利用S-EOF（季节EOF,Seasonal Empirical Orthogonal Function）方法确定ENSO四个位相（El Ni?o发展年、El Ni?o衰减年、La Ni?a发展年、La Ni?a衰减年）,分析在不同ENSO位相下TC路径的年际变化以及相应的流场,得到一些有意义的结论:El Ni?o发展年,TC在西北太平洋东南海域活动频繁,以第六类（近海转折型）路径为主;El Ni?o衰减年以第二类（南海西移型）路径居多,第七类（日本海转折型）路径也较为活跃;La Ni?a发展年,TC集中在西北象限海域,以第七类（日本海转折型）路径为主;La Ni?a衰减年,TC源地多位于我国沿海地区与台湾岛附近洋面上,以第三类（沿海转折型）路径为主。     

Sinuosity of tropical cyclone tracks in the South West Indian Ocean: Spatio-temporal patterns and relationships with fundamental storm attributes

The shapes of 268 tropical cyclone tracks in the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) basin are investigated over the period 1977 to 2011 using an established metric for track sinuosity. Original cyclone position data from the RSMC La Réunion area of responsibility were accessed from the IBTrACS archive maintained by NOAA. Cyclone track sinuosity was measured within a GIS environment and the filtered results were normalised with a cube-root transformation function to reduce positive skew in the output sinuosity distribution. Several key findings from spatial and temporal analysis of sinuosity results may be highlighted. To assess geographical patterns, mapping tracks within designated quartile categories (straight, quasi-straight, curving and sinuous tracks) indicates which land areas in the SWIO are more likely to be affected by cyclones following sinuous tracks that are more difficult to forecast, in particular Madagascar and the islands of Réunion and Mauritius. Over the past three decades, the temporal sinuosity pattern shows a high degree of variability that will probably continue into the future. Yet crucially, a number of conspicuous episodes of relatively magnified or subdued sinuosity are recognised compared to long-term averages. This may present opportunities for identifying major climatic controls on regional anomalous cyclone migration behaviour. Within the average yearly cyclone season, the early months (September–December) have a tendency to produce more predictable straighter-moving cyclones, whereas January stands out as the singular month marking an abrupt swing towards a greater proportion (64%) of curving and sinuously-moving storms. This finding is of importance for vulnerability assessment, because a strong positive correlation is also identified between track sinuosity and cyclone longevity, such that storms steering less predictable sinuous courses are also those that tend to survive for longer durations.     

西北太平洋台风群发事件年代际变化特征分析

利用台风最佳路径资料和全球再分析数据集分析了1979—2018年6—10月西北太平洋地区台风群发事件的统计特征。期间所有台风个例根据群发性质被分为三类：第一类为单独生成的非群发台风；第二类为群发事件中生成，但事件中仅有2个台风成员的"MTC2"台风；第三类为群发事件中生成，且事件中有3个或3个以上台风成员的"MTC3"台风。结果表明，相对于MTC2台风，MTC3台风生成时位置偏北，环境场季风槽辐合更强、高温海区范围更大、中低层大气更湿润。而MTC3台风在1990s末的突变减少导致了西太台风群发事件和台风总数减少。1996年之后，尽管洋面上空仍有较多的热带涡旋扰动，但群发台风活跃的大部分地区垂直风切变增强、高空辐散和季风槽辐合减弱以及西太平洋热带季节内振荡事件（Madden-Julian Oscillation，MJO）的对流活跃位相维持日数减少，它们共同导致了MTC3事件的年代际变化。     

东亚及西太平洋锋面气旋的统计研究

用1958到1989年共32年资料对东亚及西太平洋地区的锋面气旋做了统计研究,气旋生成有两个主要的集中区,蒙古生成区次数最多,沿海生成区次之并还可以分为两个分区。各生成区中心位置和中心数值随季节有不同的变化。 气旋中心气压24小时变化值呈负偏态分布,海洋地区气旋的负偏度更大,爆发性气旋主要出现在海洋上,沿海地区也时有发生。有明显年际、月际变化,主要发生在冬季,次为春季.文中还对爆发性气旋各种特征参数做了详细统计。 用计算气旋活动的相对变率方法,定出了四季气旋主要活动路径。