近地面风场变化对太湖蓝藻暴发影响的数值研究

蓝藻水华是在特定的气象和水文条件下,已成为优势种群的蓝藻群体在水体中发生水平、垂直位置的改变而形成.选取2007年6月24日和9月8日发生的2次蓝藻暴发个例,利用WRFV2模式进行较高分辨率数值模拟,研究了在蓝藻成为优势群体之后的上浮积聚阶段近地面风向风速对蓝藻水华面积变化和活动范围的影响.通过数值模拟结果与EOS/MODIS卫星遥感监测到的蓝藻信息的对比分析发现,蓝藻的活动对湖区近地面风场变化的反应相当迅速,蓝藻大面积暴发过程往往对应着有利的风向风速变化:如风速小、系统性东北风、辐散环流等.研究表明通过对太湖地区各气象要素的高分辨率数值模拟,可以预测蓝藻的暴发和演变情况,为太湖蓝藻暴发的预测预警提供气象依据.     

Phytoplankton community in the tropical lake of Lagoa Santa (Brazil): Conditions favoring a persistent bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii

This study presents data on seasonal changes of the phytoplanktonic community of a small tropical lake, Lagoa Santa, in the Brazilian cerrado. Temporal variation in the community structure was small and we observed a permanent dominance of the cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. This dominance could be associated to the stability of several environmental conditions. Especially water temperature, always within the optimal growth range for C. raciborskii, and the constant mixed water column may have been important factors driving to the long term dominance of this species in the lake. Remarkable seasonal variation in rainfall, as well as the occasional and non-seasonal variation in nutrient concentrations, were important to explain changes in environmental and biological variables, but were not related to the dominance of C. raciborskii. Pearson's correlation and PCA could just in part explain the stable dominance of this cyanobacterium. Meteorological and chemical factors seem to have no clear control on the variability of the phytoplankton dynamics in Lagoa Santa. The weak relationship between C. raciborskii abundance and environmental variables points to additional intrinsic factors associated to this species that may be important in structuring the phytoplankton assemblage.     

Morphological and molecular analysis of bloom-forming Cyanobacteria in two eutrophic, shallow Mediterranean lakes

We investigated the diversity of Cyanobacteria by microscopic observation and sequencing of cyanobacterial-specific amplified 16S rRNA genes in the water column of two shallow, eutrophic lakes (Doirani and Kastoria, northern Greece) during summer blooms. Previous phytoplankton studies in these lakes have shown that prolonged cyanobacterial blooms can occur, which are dominated by known toxic species, as well as other less known, co-occurring species. A total of 118 clones were sequenced which were grouped in 23 Cyanobacteria and 11 chloroplast-like phylotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each library included several unique phylotypes, as well as members of all common bloom-forming Cyanobacteria. Most of the phylotypes belonged to the genera Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis-Raphidiopsis group, Limnothrix and Planktothrix, comprising most of the diversity previously recognized by morphological observations in cyanobacterial morphospecies in these lakes. In addition, novel phylotypes belonging to the Chroococcales were recognized in both lakes. The structure of the cyanobacterial communities of the lakes were very similar, as revealed by the diversity index H (2.06 and 2.01 for L. Doirani and Kastoria, respectively) and LIBSHUFF analysis (XY₁₂P-value = 0.122 and YX₁₂P-value = 0.536), due to occurrence of groups of common phylotypes. This study gives an example for successful cyanobacterial bloom analysis by the combination of morphological and phylogenetic methods useful for monitoring cyanobacteria and water quality in freshwaters.     

结合卫星遥感技术的太湖蓝藻水华形成温度特征分析

气温对太湖蓝藻的复苏生长和水华形成、大面积暴发及衰退具有重要作用.利用太湖湖面及周边地区20032013年气象与卫星观测数据分析,结果发现太湖蓝藻水华形成的温度范围宽泛,在蓝藻复苏后,在日平均气温0~35.0℃区间都能观测到蓝藻水华现象,其中日平均气温15.1~35.0℃区间为太湖蓝藻水华频发区间,累计频次和面积占比分别为85%和90%;大面积蓝藻水华集中暴发的气温区间为20.1~35.0℃,累计频次和面积占比分别为72%和73%;蓝藻水华出现的概率随平均气温的升高而增大,二者呈二次正相关关系,而平均面积则随气温在均值附近波动,日平均气温达33℃后平均面积迅速减小.表明气温并非复苏后太湖蓝藻水华出现与否的主要限制因子,适度高温有利于蓝藻水华形成,但在日平均气温33℃以上时蓝藻水华会受到抑制.在此基础上将蓝藻水华分成4个阶段:休眠期、复苏期、增长期和衰退期,确定了基于气温的阶段量化指标,对应起始和终止的界限温度分别为:(0℃,5℃)、(5℃,15℃)、(15℃,30℃)和(30℃,0℃),据此可以计算出每年蓝藻水华的各生育阶段对应的时间节点,为防控提供依据.     

太湖富营养化条件下影响蓝藻水华的主导气象因子

利用2004-2018年卫星遥感解译的太湖蓝藻水华信息构建蓝藻综合指数,采用随机森林机器学习算法分析同期气象因子与蓝藻水华综合指数的关系,定量评估影响蓝藻水华的主要气象因子特征变量的重要性度量和贡献率.结果表明,在光、温、水、风等主要气象要素中,气温对蓝藻水华综合指数起着主导的作用,其次是风速和降水,日照时间的影响或可忽略.其中气温条件中重要性度量最大的是年平均气温,其次是冬、春季节的平均气温;风速因子中影响较大的是7月份的平均风速;水分条件中主导因子是9月累计降水量.优选的随机森林模型模拟值与实际蓝藻水华综合指数的变化趋势基本一致,拟合优度为0.91,通过0.01显著性检验,随机森林模型模拟效果较好.用随机森林模型模拟值对太湖蓝藻水华分等级评估,模型模拟精度达到了86.7%,其中5个重度等级年份模型模拟结果完全一致,中度等级的6个年份模型模拟值有5年与之相符,中度以上等级的模拟精度达90.9%,模型能够反映气象因子对蓝藻水华综合指数的综合影响,对中、重度蓝藻水华的模拟效果更好.随机森林模型有助于理解富营养化状态下影响蓝藻水华的主导气象因子,利用气象因子的可预测性可以促进蓝藻水华预测预警能力的提升.     

巢湖西湖心底泥蓝藻对水体蓝藻生物量的贡献

2018年10月-2019年10月对巢湖西湖心水体浮游藻类群落结构以及水体和底泥蓝藻生物量进行了月度调查.结果表明:巢湖西湖心浮游藻类的主要优势种属为微囊藻属、席藻属、十字藻、卵形隐藻和鱼腥藻属.蓝藻优势种属在5-10月为微囊藻属,11-12月为鱼腥藻属,1-4月为席藻属.巢湖水体和底泥蓝藻生物量峰值分别出现在9月和2月,水体蓝藻的衰亡下沉会导致底泥蓝藻生物量的上升.巢湖蓝藻主要分布在水体,底泥蓝藻生物量相对较低,单位面积水柱与底泥蓝藻生物量6月的比值大于100,在11-3月相对较低,最低值小于2.底泥蓝藻主要分布在底泥表层0～2 cm.通过安装原位捕获器,监测了蓝藻在西巢湖湖心水柱和底泥中的垂直迁移过程和通量.结果表明:11月和2月蓝藻有明显从水柱向底泥迁移的过程;底泥蓝藻全年向水体的静态迁移量都很低,而动态迁移在11月和6月出现两个峰值,主要受底泥蓝藻生物量和再悬浮的影响.本研究结果表明削减巢湖西湖心底泥种源的最佳时期为10月至来年2月,但是由于底泥蓝藻生物量远远小于水柱蓝藻生物量,底泥蓝藻向水体复苏迁移的通量也较低,即使削减了底泥种源,也不能有效降低水体蓝藻生物量.     

Cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Atitlan, Guatemala

Lake Atitlan, one of the most important lakes not only in Central America but in the whole world, is facing serious problems with increasing water pollution. Over the last several decades, the uncontrolled nutrient input into the lake has lead to high P levels and low N:P ratios, initiating cyanobacterial blooms. The first bloom occurred in December of 2008, followed by more extensive bloom in October 2009. The blooms are formed by cyanobacteria from the rare planktic Lyngbya hieronymusii/birgei/robusta complex. Based on the species morphology, the Atitlan population corresponds to L. robusta and this is the first case of reported bloom of this species worldwide. Remote sensing images documented that at the maximum bloom development, 40% of the 137 km² of the lake area were covered by dense patches of Lyngbya, with the chlorophyll a concentration reaching over 100 μg L⁻¹. The only toxins detected in the 2009 bloom were trace levels of cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin with 12 and 58 ng g⁻¹, respectively. The nitrogen fixation followed a pattern expected in non-heterocytous cyanobacteria, i.e., the nitrogenase activity was minimal during the day, while during the night the activity reached 2.2 nmol C₂H₄ μg Ch a⁻¹ h⁻¹. Delta ¹⁵N of −0.86‰ was well in the range given for nitrogen fixing organisms. The cell C, N and P content was 36.7%, 5.9% and 0.9%, respectively, resulting in the molar ratio of 105:14.4:1. A well designed and executed lake monitoring program, strict control of nutrient input into the lake, and public education are the necessary prerequisites for potential prevention of even more severe blooms than the one from 2009.