非饱和抗剪强度指标c、φ值与含水率w的关系

非饱和土力学已经确认了基质吸力与非饱和土的强度指标有关,而基质吸力与含水率有着密切的关系。通过理论和三轴剪切试验分析,探讨了非饱和残积土抗剪强度指标c、φ与含水率ω变化的一般规律;同时结合已经推出的土水特征曲线关系,探讨抗剪强度指标c、φ与基质吸力μ的变化的一般规律。结果表明:随着非饱和土含水率ω增加、基质吸力μ的减小,黏聚力c有减少的趋势,内摩擦角φ变化不大。通过线性回归分析,黏聚力与含水率成半对数线性关系,黏聚力与基质吸力成线性关系。现有的非饱和土实用公式精确性较差,非饱和土抗剪强度指标有待进一步的研究与完善。     

基于Weibull函数和Gamma函数的环境污染与经济增长的关系

环境库兹涅茨曲线是研究环境污染与经济增长之间关系的有效工具。传统的环境库兹涅茨曲线研究大多采用线性模型或对数线性模型,其在采用模型描述关系的问题上存在一定的不足。为克服这些不足,本文采用Weibull函数和Gamma函数形式的面板数据模型对中国29个省区1989~2005年四种环境污染指标人均排放量与人均收入之间的关系予以研究。结果表明Weibull函数和Gamma函数的面板数据模型拟合效果较好,且参数具有较好的解释能力;人均废水和人均SO₂都随人均收入增加先上升后减少,在25000元附近出现结构转变点,而人均固体废弃物和人均废气随人均收入增加则呈现单调增加的变化趋势,没有出现结构转变点。     

江苏省工业废水排放与经济增长的动态关系

本文研究了1980~2004年江苏省工业废水排放与经济增长的动态关系,结果表明1980年以来江苏省工业废水排放量在波动中平缓增长,排放强度不断下降,主要来源于制造业和能源生产部门,南京市、苏南三市和苏中苏北九市的排放量大致各占排放总量的1/3。采用环境库兹涅茨曲线模型模拟了1980~1996年和1997~2004年工业废水排放量和人均GDP之间的关系,结果显示未来江苏省工业废水排放趋向于在经历较短时间的上升后逐渐下降。采用分解分析方法分析了三种效应在工业废水排放变化中的贡献率,结果表明广义技术效应、规模效应是影响工业废水排放的重要因素,但广义技术效应起到决定性的作用。     

Simulating the daily discharge of the Mandovi River,west coast of India

Abstract

A hydrological modelling framework was assembled to simulate the daily discharge of the Mandovi River on the Indian west coast. Approximately 90% of the west-coast rainfall, and therefore discharge, occurs during the summer monsoon (June–September), with a peak during July–August. The modelling framework consisted of a digital elevation model (DEM) called GLOBE, a hydrological routing algorithm, the Terrestrial Hydrological Model with Biogeochemistry (THMB), an algorithm to map the rainfall recorded by sparse raingauges to the model grid, and a modified Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method. A series of discharge simulations (with and without the SCS method) was carried out. The best simulation was obtained after incorporating spatio-temporal variability in the SCS parameters, which was achieved by an objective division of the season into five regimes: the lean season, monsoon onset, peak monsoon, end-monsoon, and post-monsoon. A novel attempt was made to incorporate objectively the different regimes encountered before, during and after the Indian monsoon, into a hydrological modelling framework. The strength of our method lies in the low demand it makes on hydrological data. Apart from information on the average soil type in a region, the entire parameterization is built on the basis of the rainfall that is used to force the model. That the model does not need to be calibrated separately for each river is important, because most of the Indian west-coast basins are ungauged. Hence, even though the model has been validated only for the Mandovi basin, its potential region of application is considerable. In the context of the Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) framework, the potential of the proposed approach is significant, because the discharge of these (ungauged) rivers into the eastern Arabian Sea is not small, making them an important element of the local climate system.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor S. Grimaldi

Citation Suprit, K., Shankar, D., Venugopal, V. and Bhatkar, N.V., 2012. Simulating the daily discharge of the Mandovi River, west coast of India. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 686–704.     

北京市经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型研究

选取北京市 1985～ 1999年经济与环境数据 ,通过分析经济因子与环境因子相互关系 ,探究北京市经济增长与环境质量演替轨迹 ,以建立北京市经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型 ,为评价北京市环境政策提供依据。实证研究表明 :北京市自 1985年以来随着经济增长其环境恶化程度在下降 ,且已进入经济与环境协调发展后期阶段。北京市各环境指标与人均GDP演替轨迹呈现显著的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征 ,但比发达国家较早实现了其环境库兹涅茨曲线转折点 ,且到达转折点的时间跨度小于发达国家。这主要归功于中国及北京市政府近 10年来 ,尤其 1995年以来有效环境政策和巨额环境投资以及科技后发优势。     

基于饱和曲线法的地基沉降全过程预测

针对S形沉降时程特征,提出了饱和曲线预测模型。首先,证明了该模型与S形沉降曲线的特点是相吻合的,包括有界性、单调递增性、存在反弯点,同时考察了模型中各参数改变对结果的影响; 其次,阐述了待定参数的获取方法和沉降预测步骤; 最后,通过多个工程实例对沉降预测模型的合理性进行了研究。算例表明,饱和曲线预测模型可以有效地用于加载全过程的沉降预测,具有适应性较广、精度较高、稳定性好的特点。与双曲线法、指数曲线法、星野法、生长曲线法相比而言,本文提出的沉降预测模型可靠性较高,具有一定的工程价值和应用前景。     

GPS定位中卫星坐标计算的曲线拟合法

在ＧＰＳ单点定位和相对定位中都需要不断计算卫星的坐标。卫星的坐标是根据接收到的广播星厍来计算的。在后处理中也可以用精密星历来计算卫生坐标。而每次计算卫星坐标都需要占用大量内存和时间,影响计算好曲线拟合法的基本模型,讨论了知识垢多项式算法,通过对实际观测数据的处理表明采用正交多项式拟合效果最好。另外还就曲线拟合的取样点和多项式的阶数等问题进行了讨论。     

环渤海地区经济增长与环境污染关系分析——基于环境库兹涅茨曲线

发达国家的发展历史表明,经济发展与环境污染存在一定的关系,在经济发展的初级阶段,经济的快速增长可能以牺牲环境为代价.环渤海地区经济增长与环境污染的矛盾尤为突出.文章运用环境库兹涅茨曲线原理和模型,分析了环渤海地区经济增长与环境污染之间的关系.研究发现,在过去一段时间内,环渤海地区的环境污染状况与经济收入也基本符合倒“U...     

边坡工程可靠性分析的最大熵方法

边坡工程可靠性分析的最大熵方法,利用已有样本的部分信息来使熵最大化,充分利用了随机变量的高阶矩信息,由样本矩来推断边坡可靠性功能函数的概率密度函数,求解边坡的破坏概率。该方法对基本随机变量的分布没有特别要求,避免了常规方法计算过程中在迭代点处对非正态随机变量进行近似当量正态化处理的缺陷。通常,功能函数的真实概率密度函数很难、甚至无法求得,将Pearson曲线族引入岩土参数随机变量高阶矩的求解当中,可以很容易地得到功能函数的高阶中心矩,然后,基于最大熵原理拟合得到功能函数的最大熵密度函数,采用区间截断法和高斯-克朗罗德数值积分法分别确定最大熵密度函数的拉格郎日系数和边坡的破坏概率。算例分析结果表明:该方法计算效率高,结果可靠,克服了传统方法求解过程复杂、精度低的缺点,将其应用于工程边坡的可靠性分析当中,发展潜力大,具有一定的应用前景和实用价值。     

Remote sensing and GIS for artificial recharge study, runoff estimation and planning in Ayyar basin, Tamil Nadu, India

This paper focuses on artificial groundwater recharge study in Ayyar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. The basin is covered by hard crystalline rock and overall has poor groundwater conditions. Hence, an artificial recharge study was carried out in this region through a project sponsored by Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology. The Indian Remote Sensing satellite 1A Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor II (IRS 1A LISS II) satellite imagery, aerial photographs and geophysical resistivity data were used to prioritize suitable sites for artificial recharge and to estimate the volume of aquifer dimension available to recharge. The runoff water available for artificial recharge in the basin is estimated through Soil Conservation Service curve number method. The land use/land cover, hydrological soil group and storm rainfall data in different watershed areas were used to calculate the runoff in the watersheds. The weighted curve number for each watershed is obtained through spatial intersection of land use/land cover and hydrological soil group through GeoMedia 3.0 Professional GIS software. Artificial recharge planning was derived on the basis of availability of runoff, aquifer dimension, priority areas and water table conditions in different watersheds in the basin.