Pounding force assessment in performance‐based design of bridges

Bridges with deck supported on either sliding or elastomeric bearings are very common in mid‐seismicity regions. Their main seismic vulnerabilities are related to the pounding of the deck against abutments or between the different deck elements. A simplified model of the longitudinal behavior of those bridges will allow to characterize the reaction forces developed during pounding using the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center framework formula. In order to ensure the general applicability of the results obtained, a large number of system parameter combinations will be considered. The heart of the formula is the identification of suitable intermediate variables. First, the pseudo acceleration spectral value for the fundamental period of the system (Sa(T_s)) will be used as an intensity measure (IM). This IM will result in a very large non‐explained variability of the engineering demand parameter. A portion of this variability will be proved to be related to the relative content of high‐frequency energy in the input motion. Two vector‐valued IMs including a second parameter taking this energy content into account will then be considered. For both of them, a suitable form for the conditional intensity dependence of the response will be obtained. The question of which one to choose will also be analyzed. Finally, additional issues related to the IM will be studied: its applicability to pulse‐type records, the validity of scaling records and the sufficiency of the IM. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重力场向下延拓的三阶Adams-Bashforth公式法

重力场向上延拓是稳定且收敛的过程,而向下延拓是不稳定且发散的过程。为此,本文提出一种重力场向下延拓新方法。首先,对重力场及其垂向一阶导数向上延拓,得到不同高度的重力场垂向导数;然后,基于求解微分方程的三阶Adams-Bashforth多步法,推导出稳定的向下延拓公式;最后,为验证本文方法,将其分别应用于模型数据和实际数据。理论模型试验及误差曲线表明,相对于经典下延方法——傅里叶变换下延法和积分迭代下延法,新方法三阶Adams-Bashforth公式法下延过程稳定,边界效应不明显,下延深度可达5倍点距,下延结果与真实值的相对误差更小,结果更准确。将本文方法应用于加拿大某区实测航空重力数据,得到有效且准确的下延结果,能够识别和圈定一些细小异常特征。     

广西万尾岛金滩沿岸输沙计算与分析

依据CERC公式,年内代表浪向作用下,广西万尾岛金滩平直岸滩中部泥沙分别向东西两侧净输沙,意味着金滩中部有淘刷趋势而两端有淤积趋势,而实际上岸滩中部滩面长年基本稳定、未有明显侵蚀现象。分析认为公式计算成果反映的输沙特征定性仍然是正确的,岸滩能够维持稳定是因为还存在自海向岸的横向输沙补给沙源。当岸滩并非平直且足够长时,应完整分析纵、横向输沙才能更为合理地反映岸滩泥沙运动特征。     

关于基质吸力及几个相关问题的一些思考

基质吸力是非饱和土力学中一个非常重要的概念,也是初学者学习中的一个难点,要把它理解透彻并不容易。本文从表面物理化学的基本公式,亦即Young-Laplace公式和Kelvin公式出发,对基质吸力概念和与基质吸力有关的若干问题进行了一些思考和初步探讨。研究表明,基质吸力的大小受土的孔径大小的影响;在环境条件下,基质吸力的大小受外界平衡相对深度的影响;土的孔径分布决定了土水特征曲线的特征。     

防护层中孔穴对轴向应力波的绕射屏蔽效应研究

随着新型武器的发展,在当今的人防工程中对防护层的功效要求越来越高。以工程抗爆设计为背景,主要研究了如何在防护层中利用空穴来绕射和屏蔽应力波的问题。经过大量计算发现,空穴的几何形状及尺寸效应等对其后方的应力波削减有显著影响。针对常见的方形和圆形空穴,提出了孔穴后方、位于其对称轴上点的轴向应力σy峰值削减因子DF的2个近似拟合式子。可分别用来估算在一定条件下孔穴后方特定位置处的削减因子,或用来计算所需空穴的尺寸,甚至可以推算为了达到某一削减效果而必须满足的最小安全距离等。其结果为在抗爆防震工程中智能的防护层的设计提供了一定理论依据。     

轻质土密度、强度与材料组成的关系研究

论述了轻质土试样的制备方法,对轻质土密度、无侧限抗压强度与材料组成之间的关系进行的研究表明：密度主要受到EPS颗粒添加量的影响;无侧限抗压强度主要受到水泥添加量、EPS颗粒添加量的影响。在此基础上给出了适合于工程应用的轻质土的配方公式。     

Ellipsoidal corrections to order e 2 of geopotential coefficients and Stokes’ formula

Assuming that the gravity anomaly and disturbing potential are given on a reference ellipsoid, the result of Sjöberg (1988, Bull Geod 62:93–101) is applied to derive the potential coefficients on the bounding sphere of the ellipsoid to order e ² (i.e. the square of the eccentricity of the ellipsoid). By adding the potential coefficients and continuing the potential downward to the reference ellipsoid, the spherical Stokes formula and its ellipsoidal correction are obtained. The correction is presented in terms of an integral over the unit sphere with the spherical approximation of geoidal height as the argument and only three well-known kernel functions, namely those of Stokes, Vening-Meinesz and the inverse Stokes, lending the correction to practical computations. Finally, the ellipsoidal correction is presented also in terms of spherical harmonic functions. The frequently applied and sometimes questioned approximation of the constant m, a convenient abbreviation in normal gravity field representations, by e ²/2, as introduced by Moritz, is also discussed. It is concluded that this approximation does not significantly affect the ellipsoidal corrections to potential coefficients and Stokes formula. However, whether this standard approach to correct the gravity anomaly agrees with the pure ellipsoidal solution to Stokes formula is still an open question.     

A computational scheme to model the geoid by the modified Stokes formula without gravity reductions

In a modern application of Stokes formula for geoid determination, regional terrestrial gravity is combined with long-wavelength gravity information supplied by an Earth gravity model. Usually, several corrections must be added to gravity to be consistent with Stokes formula. In contrast, here all such corrections are applied directly to the approximate geoid height determined from the surface gravity anomalies. In this way, a more efficient workload is obtained. As an example, in applications of the direct and first and second indirect topographic effects significant long-wavelength contributions must be considered, all of which are time consuming to compute. By adding all three effects to produce a combined geoid effect, these long-wavelength features largely cancel. The computational scheme, including two least squares modifications of Stokes formula, is outlined, and the specific advantages of this technique, compared to traditional gravity reduction prior to Stokes integration, are summarised in the conclusions and final remarks. AcknowledgementsThis paper was written whilst the author was a visiting scientist at Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia. The hospitality and fruitful discussions with Professor W. Featherstone and his colleagues are gratefully acknowledged.     

Analytical solution of boundary integral equations for 2-D steady linear wave problems

Based on the Fourier transform, the analytical solution of boundary integral equations formulated for the complex velocity of a 2-D steady linear surface flow is derived. It has been found that before the radiation condition is imposed, free waves appear both far upstream and downstream. In order to cancel the free waves in far upstream regions, the eigenso-lution of a specific eigenvalue, which satisfies the homogeneous boundary integral equation, is found and superposed to the analytical solution. An example, a submerged vortex, is used to demonstrate the derived analytical solution. Furthermore, an analytical approach to imposing the radiation condition in the numerical solution of boundary integral equations for 2-D steady linear wave problems is proposed.     

The analytical continuation bias in geoid determination using potential coefficients and terrestrial gravity data

One important application of an Earth Gravity Model (EGM) is to determine the geoid. Since an EGM is represented by an external-type series of spherical harmonics, a biased geoid model is obtained when the EGM is applied inside the masses in continental regions. In order to convert the downward-continued height anomaly to the corresponding geoid undulation, a correction has to be applied for the analytical continuation bias of the geoid height. This technique is here called the geoid bias method. A correction for the geoid bias can also be utilised when an EGM is combined with terrestrial gravity data, using the combined approach to topographic corrections. The geoid bias can be computed either by a strict integral formula, or by means of one or more terms in a binomial expansion. The accuracy of the lowest binomial terms is studied numerically. It is concluded that the first term (of power H²) can be used with high accuracy up to degree 360 everywhere on Earth. If very high mountains are disregarded, then the use of the H² term can be extended up to maximum degrees as high as 1800. It is also shown that the geoid bias method is practically equal to the technique applied by Rapp, which utilises the quasigeoid-to-geoid separation. Another objective is to carefully consider how the combined approach to topographic corrections should be interpreted. This includes investigations of how the above-mentioned H² term should be computed, as well as how it can be improved by a correction for the residual geoid bias. It is concluded that the computation of the combined topographic effect is efficient in the case that the residual geoid bias can be neglected, since the computation of the latter is very time consuming. It is nevertheless important to be able to compute the residual bias for individual stations. For reasonable maximum degrees, this can be used to check the quality of the H² approximation in different situations.Acknowledgement The author would like to thank Prof. L.E. Sjöberg for several ideas and for reading two draft versions of the paper. His support and constructive remarks have improved its quality considerably. The valuable suggestions from three unknown reviewers are also appreciated.