Note on the intensity of encountered waves

An apparent wave is a part of the sea record observed between two successive upcrossings of the still water level. Integral formulas are given for intensities of encountered waves that overtake a ship sailing in directional sea with constant velocity. The formulas can be evaluated exactly in the case when the directional spectrum is known and the sea is assumed to be Gaussian, i.e. is a sum of noninteracting sinusoidal waves.     

Analysis of phreatic evaporation law and influence factors of typical lithology in Hebei Plain

Based on three typical mediums (sandy loam, loam and sandy clay loam) in Hebei Plain, this paper designs phreatic evaporation experiments under different lithology and phreatic depth. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the phreatic evaporation law and influencing factors of three mediums were studied. The results showed that: (1) The shallower the phreatic depth, the larger the phreatic evaporation. (2) Sandy clay loam has the biggest response to the increase of the phreatic depth, sandy loam is the second and loam is the smallest. (3) The limit depth of phreatic evaporation of sandy clay loam is about 3 m and that of loam and sandy loam is about 2 m and 3 m, seperately. (4) By fitting the daily evaporation of phreatic water and phreatic depth, the results showed that sandy loam and sandy clay loam are exponential functions and loam is power functions.     

世界时化地球力学时经验公式的改进

针对计算△TE(由世界时化算至地球力学时的改正值)的经验公式所存在的问题,利用1983年～1998年中国天文年历上登载的△TE数据,建立了新的计算△TE的经验公式; 并用其后推算至1980年和前推算至2001年的计算结果,分析了该经验公式的推算精度; 最后提出了确保推算精度的措施.     

椭球面梯形面积的正反算问题研究

在地图等积投影中,椭球面梯形面积的正、反算方法和精度是关键。目前常用的椭球面梯形面积正、反算公式,多为级数近似解形式。从基础理论出发,推导出显函数形式的精确正算公式（这在已收集到的国内外文献中尚未见到）和收敛较快的级数形式反算公式。精度分析表明：正、反算公式都正确无误,计算精度高于以往常用公式。最后对反算中级数公式的取项数与输入梯形面积的有效位数之间的关系作了有益的探讨     

Poincaré's méthode nouvelle by skew composition

Poincaré designed the méthode nouvelle in order to build approximate integrals of Hamiltonians developed as series of a small parameter. Due to several critical deficiencies, however, the method has fallen into disuse in favor of techniques based on Lie transformations. The paper shows how to repair these shortcomings in order to give Poincaré’s méthode nouvelle the same functionality as the Lie transformations. This is done notably with two new operations over power series: a skew composition to expand series whose coefficients are themselves series, and a skew reversion to solve implicit vector equations involving power series. These operations generalize both Arbogast’s technique and Lagrange’s inversion formula to the fullest extent possible. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

营运期隧道地压的评估与分析

通过对普氏、秦氏、太沙基及浅埋隧道地压公式的分析,提出了等效岩柱高度的概念,揭示了传统地压公式可以归结于等效岩柱高度和重度的乘积而具有的本质统一性,并给出了考虑营运修正系数的统一地压表达式。最后结合工程实例,验证了统一地压公式的正确性。     

柴达木盆地沙漠公路设计流量公式研究

在中国水文分区中,沙漠地区一般被划分为非产流区,在公路设计中仅设置少量桥涵来满足路基、路面的排水要求,而不考虑洪峰流量,对非产流区也不提供设计流量公式。然而,在青海省柴达木盆地几条沙漠公路的实际运营中,却发现路基水毁频繁,经济损失严重。针对这种特殊水文现象,我们从设计理念、路基填料、暴雨、植被覆盖度等几个方面分析了水毁原因,发现暴雨是引发水毁的主要外因。因此将2012年最新的青海省公路系统柴达木区流量公式与两种小流域暴雨流量公式进行计算比较,通过分析计算偏差,对柴达木区流量公式进行了适度修正,最终得到能满足公路测量设计要求的柴达木盆地沙漠公路设计流量公式。     

列车荷载下巴准重载铁路高路堤路基累积变形研究

针对巴准重载铁路高路堤典型断面,采用三维非线性有限元与经验公式相结合的方法,建立了可考虑列车-轨道动力相互作用的重载列车振动荷载引起的高路堤路基累积变形计算方法。首先,基于列车-轨道垂向耦合动力系统理论,建立重载列车-轨道动力耦合体系数值模型,并实施重载列车-轨道耦合系统动力分析;其次,建立轨枕-道床-路基-场地动力系统的三维有限元模型,并输入求解的列车振动荷载作为外部激励;最后,采用Li和Selig推荐的改进土体累积变形预测模型并结合有限元分析结果,分析了未加固和应用土工格栅加固的高路堤路基累积变形的基本特征与规律。发现土工格栅可显著减小路基的动力累积变形作用。     

双相介质AVO方程及参数简化研究

基于2种双相介质分界面的反射系数和透射系数方程组,推导出了单相/双相分界面(储层顶界面)、双相/单相分界面(储层底界面)和单相/单相分界面(两种致密岩层分界面)3种类型分界面的反射系数和透射系数方程组,形成了从单相介质到双相介质较全面的AVO方程组;推导出了双相介质参数（A,N,Q,R,ρ11,ρ12,ρ22,）与纵波速度、横波速度、密度、孔隙度以及流体类型（油、气、水）之间的关系式,为双相介质AVO理论走向实用进行了有益的探索。设计了3种类型的岩性分界面,分别用双相介质AVO方程和Zeoppritz方程计算了各类界面的快纵波反射系数曲线,证实了Zoeppritz方程是双相介质AVO方程的一个特例。     

黄河上游流域蒸散量及其影响因子研究

利用彭曼公式８０年代以来黄河上游流蒸散量,分析了该地区蒸散量、日照时数、气温、空气饱和差等气候因子的变化趋势,并着重研究了诸因子对蒸散量的影响。研究发现,可上游流域蒸散量呈逐年增大趋势,并以每年３．２５ｍｍ的速度增。而作为主要影响因子的日照时数则以每年３．６小时的速度啬气温同样表现出逐年升高的趋势,其气候倾向率为０．４℃／１０年,空气饱和差也以每年０．０２的速度递增;因此,可以认为,黄河上游流域日