PUBLICATIONS OF THE IAHS

Abstract

Gauging stations where the stage—discharge relationship is affected by hysteresis due to unsteady flow represent a challenge in hydrometry. In such situations, the standard hydrometric practice of fitting a single-valued rating curve to the available stage—discharge measurements is inappropriate. As a solution to this problem, this study provides a method based on the Jones formula and nonlinear regression, which requires no further data beyond the available stage—discharge measurements, given that either the stages before and after each measurement are known along with the duration of each measurement, or a stage hydrograph is available. The regression model based on the Jones formula rating curve is developed by applying the monoclinal rising wave approximation and the generalized friction law for uniform flow, along with simplifying assumptions about the hydraulic and geometric properties of the river channel in conjunction with the gauging station. Methods for obtaining the nonlinear least-squares rating-curve estimates, while factoring in approximated uncertainty, are discussed. The broad practical applicability and appropriateness of the method are demonstrated by applying the model to: (a) an accurate, comprehensive and detailed database from a hydropower-generated highly dynamic flow in the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, USA; and (b) data from gauging stations in two large rivers in the USA affected by hysteresis. It is also shown that the model is especially suitable for post-modelling hydraulic and statistical validation and assessment.     

突水系数的产生及修正过程

从煤层底板突水预测预报问题出发,就突水系数评价水害方面,从1964年煤炭部焦作水文地质会战开始,到2009年的《煤矿防治水规定》,分析了各个阶段突水系数公式及其修正过程。结合实例,对弃用修正突水系数的意义进行了全面阐述。研究认为：在所有的预测预报方法中,煤层底板突水系数在煤层底板突水评价中最为简单实用;突水系数的意义在于简明扼要,符合实际,应大胆使用;突水系数演化到今天并不影响我国煤矿水害的研究和进展,反而对我国煤矿水害评价起到了正确的指导作用。     

水安全评价的参数化组合算子普适指数公式

传统的参数化多元组合算子模型因取极大极小运算丢失太多信息,而且不能普适通用。若适当设定水安全评价各指标参照值和指标值的规范变换式,使规范变换后的不同指标的同级标准规范值差异很小,从而可以认为用规范值表示的不同指标皆"等效"于某个规范指标。因此,用规范值表示的水安全评价的参数化多元组合算子指数公式可以用该"等效"指标的水安全评价的参数化多元组合算子指数公式替代。在满足一定优化目标准则条件下,应用免疫猴王进化算法对公式中的参数进行优化,得到优化后对任意m项指标组合都适用的水安全评价的参数化组合算子普适指数公式。对公式的可靠性进行了理论分析,并对公式的实用性进行了效果检验。结果表明:水安全评价的参数化组合算子普适指数公式具有形式简洁、直观,计算简便和普适通用的特点。     

无线气象站数据与人工观测蒸发量的资料同化——以白鹤滩电站坝址区数据为例

在MATLAB中使用最小二乘法拟合Goff-Gratch公式,得到关于气温的饱和水汽压函数。无线气象站观测得到的气象资料结合人工观测蒸发量,在MATLAB中进行回归分析,得到基于彭曼公式的日水面蒸发量计算公式。算例表明,与无线气象站的蒸发量计算值相比,回归分析得到的日水面蒸发量公式计算值与人工观测值能够同步对比。无线气象站资料和人工观测资料能够资料同化,适合在工程中推广。     

基于傅氏变换有限差分的三维波动方程正演模拟并行算法

傅氏变换有限差分(即FFD)混合波场延拓法波动方程正演模拟精度高,但三维FFD因其计算复杂、数据存储巨大而难以推广。这里提出三维FFD一步法正演模拟并行算法,把一个串行的大规模频率循环分割成并行的多个小规模频率循环,并发执行多个波场延拓来提高运算速度,并通过由给定的资源设定并行数,以及适时重排三维数据,大大增强了算法的适应性和时效性。通过对比并行和非并行正演实验,验证了算法的有效性。     

天然软土地基路堤临界高度一种计算方法研究

考虑地表硬壳层应力扩散作用、硬壳层的抗剪强度、中间主应力 对地基承载力的影响,从实际情况下土的静止侧压力系数出发,依据极坐标表示的弗拉曼公式和统一强度理论,推导出天然软土地基临塑与临界荷载公式,提出天然软土地基上路堤临界高度的一种计算方法。结合算例,探讨了软土层和硬壳层静止侧压力系数 、中间主剪应力系数 取不同值对路堤临界高度 的影响。结果表明： 与 的改变对路堤临界高度 影响很大,新的理论公式更能反应软土地基承载力的实质,对覆有硬壳层的软土地基上路堤的修筑具有一定的指导意义。     

应用matlab求解小流域推理公式的方法

针对《水利水电工程设计洪水计算规范》在推求小流域洪水时采用的推理公式,提出以图解法及牛顿迭代法为基础,用matlab软件在各种汇流类型下求解推理公式的洪峰流量及汇流时间,该方法计算速度快、精度高,而且简便、实用、易操作.     

A rational runoff coefficient for a revisited rational formula

ABSTRACT

The Rational Formula (RF) is probably the most frequently applied equation in practical hydrology to compute the peak discharge, due to its simplicity and effective compromise between theory and data availability. Thus, after more than a century, the estimation of peak discharge through the RF is still an important and challenging issue in hydrology. The RF assumes response linearity and sometimes assumes that the return period does not depend on the runoff coefficient and neglects the time to ponding and the antecedent moisture condition. Moreover, the RF requires the critical duration of rainfall and the runoff coefficient to be estimated, both of which are highly controversial. This paper proposes an advanced RF that makes it possible to derive the peak discharge at the hillslope scale, where the above RF assumptions are mostly relaxed. Physically based runoff coefficient tables, which are not affected by subjectivity, are presented and application of the derived procedure is performed.     

余震活动机理研究综述

从介质和应力的不均匀性、力学加载、流体侵入及应力腐蚀、速率-状态依从等几方面对余震活动机理研究进行综述.已有的研究表明,介质和应力的不均匀性是余震产生的基本前提.瞬时蠕变和余滑观点能够从力学的角度解释震后极短时间内余震的快速衰减,而应力松弛过程更有利于解释长时期的余震活动特征.流体侵入及应力腐蚀在一定条件下控制着余震的演化过程.受主震应力扰动影响的断层间的相互作用,始终存在于余震的活动过程之中.各类模型和理论解释都在努力寻求与G-R关系和修改的大森公式这两个统计地震学基本关系的一致性.     

伶仃洋河口水域纳潮特性分析

为阐明伶仃洋河口水域纳潮现状和特性,分别采用经验公式和建立贴体曲线坐标系下的珠江河口二维数学模型的方法,对河口伶仃洋水域的纳潮特性进行了分析和探讨.数学模型的离散和求解采用纯隐格式的混合有限分析法,根据实测资料对其进行了验证.比较显示,采用实测资料和经验公式计算到的伶仃洋水域纳潮量与数学模型的计算结果相差在5%以内,从而证实了数学模型的可靠性.结果表明,伶仃洋海域的主要纳潮口门为伶仃洋口门,约占总纳潮量的87.7%,通过香港暗士顿水道进出的潮量仅占12.3%左右,显示伶仃洋口门为该海域的主要径潮通道,对该河口的防洪和生态具有重要的作用