Microwave-assisted extraction of organochlorine pesticides from sediments and determination by gas chromatograph with electron capture detection

A simple and rapid procedure to extract organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） from sediments by means of microwave energy is proposed. Sediment samples were irradiated with microwaves in a closed vessel system while immersed in hexane-acetone （1 ： 1, v/v）. The sample extracts were cleaned up using solid phase extraction with Florisil as adsorbent. Pesticides were eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate （80 ： 20, v/v） and determined by gas chromatographic separation with electron capture detection. Three oven programs were assayed with two different solvent mixtures in order to achieve adequate experimental conditions for the complete extraction of organochlorine pesticides from the matrix. Different variables such as the composition of extraction solvent,     

Attenuation of aqueous metal transport at two natural acid rock drainage occurrences in the Yukon Territory, Canada

Naturally acidic drainage associated with pyritic black shale has been observed in many locations in the Yukon Territory. While not necessarily linked to known mineral deposits, most of these natural acid rock drainage occurrences show elevated dissolved concentrations of trace elements, especially zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium and arsenic. Based on field observations, microbial investigation, chemical analyses and geochemical modeling, the fate and transport of potentially deleterious elements at two natural acid drainage occurrences with slightly different settings are examined. The Macintosh Creek is a small, acidic stream （pH 2.98-3.40）, 2 km long, located in the Macmillan Pass area of east-central Yukon amidst known sedimentary exhalative massive sulfide mineralization but remains undisturbed by exploration activities. Its trace metal content is apparently derived from groundwater discharges, which gave as much as 5.0, 2.5, 0.7, 0.13 and 0.03 mg/L ofZn, Ni, Cu and As, respectively. Interaction and sorption reactions with algal mats, biofilms and iron oxyhydroxides appear to be the dominant mechanisms attenuating aqueous contaminant transport along the stream. Cryogenic precipitation further consolidates the ferricrete formation and reduces the mobility of the sorbed metals. The tributaries of the Engineering Creek along the Dempster Highway in northern Yukon drain through a series of dolomite, phyllite, argillite, limestone, black shale, sandstone and conglomerate with no known concentration of mineralization. In this area, the water chemistry fully reflects the local geology with acidic streams invariably associated with black shale occurrences. Groundwater seeps in the headwaters area of the km-180 Creek completely enclosed in black shale gave pH 3.0 and as much as 148, 39, 2.9 and 9.1 mg/L of Zn, Ni, Cu and As, respectively. Sorption with iron oxyhydroxide and organic matter appear to dominate the attenuation of contaminant transport along the stream. However, once entered into carbonate-dominated terrains, secondary carbonate minerals exercise additional geochemical control on the local water chemistry as a result of neutralization.     

浙江古代青瓷(1127～1279年)的化学组成及其意义

本文用ENGLE-型微探针能量色散X荧光光谱(EDXRF)技术测定了一批青釉瓷残片中的16种元素氧化物的含量,其残片来自浙江杭州地区的南宋郊坛窑和老虎洞窑。由主量元素判别方程的Q值表明,两类青釉瓷均属官窑制品。主成分统计分析看出,郊坛官窑与老虎洞官窑的瓷釉成分有明显不同,但其胎质成分的分布,却有部分的重叠,这显示了当时两处官窑的工匠们在使用胎料中的交往。从釉层、过渡层、和胎层的Al2O3和CaO的含量数据表明,郊坛官窑和老虎洞官窑的青釉瓷制品,分别存有厚度为120～140μm和230～240μm的过渡层,表明两处使用釉料和烧制工艺上的…     

淄博市洪山、寨里煤矿地下水串层污染形成原因及防治

淄博市洪山、寨里煤矿区隐伏的奥陶系灰岩裂隙岩溶水污染严重。水质污染突发于矿坑全面闭坑以后，污染范围与矿坑水区一致，地下水污染组份与矿坑水的高含量组份相同。水质恶化主要由矿坑水串层污染所致。在此针对串层污染形成原因及影响因素，提出了防治对策。     

滇池农村固体废物和化肥流失治理试验研究

怎样合理处置农村固体废物和减少农田化肥流失一直是农村面源污染控制的难题之一。该研究将农村固体废物的处理与减少化肥施用措施有机结合，利用微生物复合发酵剂和农村固体废物生产活性肥料，开展了一系列农业种植试验和数据监测，在此基础上，提出了一套实用性强、效果好的控制农业固体废物和化肥流失污染的对策措施。     

采煤活动对地下水化学环境的影响

煤矿开采活动为人类活动提供能源的同时，也带来了诸如地表水环境污染与水资源短缺等环境问题，给人类活动甚至人类健康造成了不利的影响，迫使人们不得不开展对由煤矿开采所引起的环境问题的预防与治理研究。本文综述采煤活动对地下水化学环境影响的研究现状，并结合环境水文地质学及环境学发展的方向，指出该研究存在的问题，给出今后的发展方向。     

北冰洋考察区海-气CO2的分布特征和通量研究

利用中国首次北极科学考察中走航观测所获得的北冰洋考察区海-气CO₂分压及相关资料, 分析研究了考察区夏季大气和表层海水中CO₂分压的分布特征, 首次用实测的海-气CO₂资料于多种方法估算了考察区夏季海-气CO₂的通量. 结果表明考察区夏季大气中CO₂分压(Pa)的测值范围在(352~370)×10-6 CO₂·Air-1(单位下同)之间, 平均为358, 平面上具有波因特来的北部海域较高, 其余海域分布较均匀的分布特征; 夏季表层海水中CO₂分压(Pw)测值在98~580之间, 极值之差竟达472, 平均值为242, 比相应的分压(Pa)低116, 呈现西低东高、北低南高的平面分布特征, 并与研究区浮游生物、冰况、水温和环流状况有密切关系. 估算结果表明, 各种计算方法所估算出的碳通量F的平面分布趋势相似, 除考察区东部海域为大气CO₂的弱源区外, 大部分海域都为大气CO2的汇区或强汇区, 但它们的值却有较大差异, 平均值在6.57(Liss法)至26.32 mg CO₂·m^-2·h^-1(¹⁴C法)之间, 最大与最小值之间相差约4倍, 大约分别是全球平均值的2~10倍; 若以Wannikhof系数估算, 本海域的平均碳通量则是Takahashi, Feely等人在本海域模拟估算值的2倍左右.