The controls of geomorphology and sediment supply on sequence stratigraphic architecture and sediment partitioning of the lacustrine rift basin in the Es3 of Liuzan area,Nanpu Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

An important hydrocarbon reservoir is hosted by the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es₃) in the Liuzan area, Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China. The Es₃ can be divided into five third-order sequences (from base to top: Sq1, Sq2, Sq3, Sq4 and Sq5). Utilising well logs, cores and high-resolution 3-D seismic data, this study investigates the development characteristics and styles of sediment transport pathways in the steep-slope zone of the lacustrine rift basin. Two styles of sediment transport pathway are identified in the study area, including the faulted trough and fault slope-break zone. The faulted trough is divided into a single faulted trough, synthetic faulted trough and antithetic faulted trough. The fault slope-break zone is composed of synthetic fault slope-break zone and antithetic fault slope-break zone. The fan-delta plain and fan-delta front are recognised in the study area. The different styles of delivery conduits control depositional facies types and the spatial and temporal evolution of fan-delta depositional systems from Sq3 to Sq5. Based on paleo-geomorphological reconstruction, the dispersal pattern of the steep-slope zone system divided into a northern steep-slope system and an eastern steep-slope system is established. In Sq3, the northern steep-slope system develops large-scale mixed sandy–muddy fan-delta deposits derived from the NW. The eastern steep-slope system feeds the medium-scale gravel-rich fan-delta sediments. In Sq4, the large-scale mixed sandy–muddy fan-delta deposits develop from the NNE direction in the northern steep-slope system. The small-scale sand-rich fan-delta sediments are transported from the eastern steep-slope system. In Sq5, the large-scale mixed sand–mud fan-delta deposits are fed by both the northern steep-slope system and eastern steep-slope system. The strata stacking pattern exhibits a seesaw mode in the study area. Based on the analysis of the channel-belt thickness and the fan-scales, the paleogeomorphology of the drainage area in Sq3 and Sq4 and sediment supply in Sq5 alternatively control the sequence stratigraphic architecture and sediment partitioning in the sink area. The model proposed in this study may aid in the prediction of favourable reservoirs and good source–reservoir–seal development in lacustrine rift basin.     

Deep seismic refraction experiment in northeast Brazil: New constraints for Borborema province evolution

The Borborema Province of northeastern Brazil is a major Proterozoic crustal province that, until now, has never been explored using deep crustal seismic methods. Here are reported the first results obtained from a high-quality seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profile that has defined the internal seismic velocity structure and thickness of the crust in this region. Almost 400 recording stations were deployed in the Deep Seismic Refraction (DSR) experiment through an NW–SE ca. 900 km linear array and 19 shots were exploded at every 50 km along the line. Data from the 10 southeastern most shots of the seismic profile were processed in this work. The main features and geological structures crossed by the studied portion of the profile belong to the so-called Central Sub-province of the Borborema tectonic province. The crustal model obtained is compatible with a typical structure of extended crust. The model was essentially divided into three layers: upper crust, lower crust, and a half-space represented by the shallower portion of the mantle. The Moho is an irregular interface with depth ranging between 31.7 and 34.5 km, and beneath the Central Sub-province it varies from 31.5 to 33 km depth, where its limits are related to major crustal discontinuities. The distribution of velocities within the crust is heterogeneous, varying vertically from 5.7 to 6.3 km/s in the upper crust and from 6.45 to 6.9 km/s in the lower crust. From the average crustal velocity distribution it is evident that the Central Sub-province has seismic characteristics different from neighboring domains. The crust is relatively thin and crustal thickness variations in the profile are subtle due to stretching that occurred in the Cretaceous, during the fragmentation of Pangaea, opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and separation of South America from Africa.     

分布式体系结构下的地理信息服务的分层协议架构

分布式体系结构的出现以及物联网的建设使地理信息服务的发展出现新一次飞跃,这为地理信息服务带来了新的机遇。本文回顾了地理信息服务的发展,论述了地理信息服务在分布式条件下可能发生的新变化,基于对计算机网络体系结构TCP/IP协议集的研究,提出了为未来的分布式地理信息服务体系建立的一种分层协议架构,从而促进地理信息服务的标准化、体系化,加速全民地理信息服务体系的建设。     

黑龙江省中小型智慧城市建设总体架构探讨

总结了黑龙江省中小型智慧城市建设的共性内容,并形成了适合黑龙江省中小型智慧城市建设的总体架构.研究结果具有一定现实意义,能够服务于我国中小型智慧城市建设的框架设计.     

Folk housing revisited

As Fred Kniffen observed, vernacular buildings identify culture and record our relationships with physical and social environment. Influenced by Kniffen, twentieth‐century cultural geographers used spatially correlated log homebuilding attributes as diagnostics. The present study used a qualitative meta‐study approach to evaluate studies citing such correlations in the eastern temperate forests of North America. Forty‐two studies involving sixty‐three geographic entities and twenty‐two attribute types were evaluated. The meta‐study's findings were consistent with an Eastern Woodlands regional model described by Kniffen, Terry Jordan, and Wilbur Zelinsky. A majority of the spatially correlated attributes involved building materials, cited cultural and/or environmental influences to explain their findings, and cited correlations at state/province or county scales. Today, identification of building culture undoubtedly continues to offer potential guidance to sustainability efforts, and, although untapped, vernacular building continues to offer potential as a key diagnostic.     

面向云计算的网络体系结构下数据传输机制

分析目前云计算架构下的传输机制,针对网络传输机制中缺少对链路上的任务需求的耦合相关性,提出未来面向云计算的网络体系结构下数据传输机制,分别从网络传输延迟、传输可靠性和云节点存储安全性进行研究,并针对每个瓶颈提出相应的修改方法,从而构建了一个支持不同服务质量需求的云架构,该架构支持现有的网络异构融合,满足可控可管可扩展等需求,适用于新型网络通信信息基础设施.     

柴达木盆地西部斜坡区下干柴沟组下段高精度层序地层及砂体构型分析

精细刻画砂岩储层内部结构,可为柴达木盆地西部(柴西)斜坡区古近系下干柴沟组下段岩性油气藏勘探开发指明方向。以高精度层序地层学、砂体构型分析理论和方法为指导,以3D地震、钻/测井、岩心资料为基础,井震联合标定,综合分析了柴西斜坡区下干柴沟组下段层序地层发育规律与层序格架内砂体结构特点。结果表明,柴西斜坡区下干柴沟组下段整体为一个区域性湖侵序列,内部可划分为2个三级层序,4个四级层序(EMSQ1～4)。下干柴沟组下段沉积期,由早至晚,A/S(可容纳空间与沉积物供给比值)持续增大,四级层序结构由向上变深的半旋回型逐渐转变为向上变浅为主、向上变深为次的非对称型。沉积相则由辫状河三角洲平原演变为前缘、滨浅湖亚相。研究区主要发育分流河道、水下分流河道、滩坝3类储层砂体,砂体叠加样式和分布规律与四级层序结构相关。三角洲平原分流河道砂体主要发育于EMSQ1中,砂体相互切割和叠置程度高,连通性好;三角洲前缘分流河道砂体主要发育于EMSQ2～3中,多呈叠加-孤立型,连通性差;滨浅湖滩坝砂体主要发育EMSQ4中,砂体呈孤立状,层内连通性佳,层间连通性差。指出现阶段岩性油气藏勘探应重点围绕EMSQ4层序内发育的滨浅湖滩坝砂体展开。     

Accommodation and sediment-supply controls on clastic parasequences: A meta-analysis

This study combines data from many published case studies to undertake a quantitative characterization of clastic parasequences, with the aim to determine how accommodation, sediment supply and autogenic sediment-storage dynamics are recorded in their sedimentary architecture and stacking patterns. Results of this study are used to critically evaluate the validity of paradigms and models that are routinely used to explain and predict trends in the anatomy and arrangement of parasequences. Data on 957 parasequences from 62 case studies of clastic, shallow-water successions were coded in a relational database, which includes outcrop and subsurface datasets of ancient and Quaternary examples. These units cover the preserved records of both river-dominated deltas and wave-dominated coasts, representing shoreline transits over a breadth of timescales, likely of both local and regional extent. The role of extant accommodation, rates of creation of accommodation and rates of sediment supply in determining parasequence architecture is assessed through analysis of relationships between: (i) proxies of these variables at different scales (rates of aggradation and progradation, facies-belt shoreline trajectories, systems-tract type, parasequence-set stacking patterns, parasequence progradation angle and stratigraphic rise, size of feeder rivers); and (ii) parameters that describe the geometry and stacking style of parasequences, and associated shallow-water sand bodies. Statistical analyses of database outputs indicate which proxies of accommodation, sediment supply and accommodation/sediment-supply ratio are significant as predictors of parasequence architecture, and allow for interpretations of the importance of allogenic and autogenic factors. The principal results of this study reveal the following: (i) parasequence thickness varies as a function of water depth, accommodation generation and erosional truncation, and these variations are also reflected across types of systems tracts and parasequence sets; (ii) the dip length of parasequence sand bodies demonstrates scaling with measures of accommodation/sediment-supply ratio at multiple scales, partly in relation to the possible effect of sediment supply on progradation rates; (iii) in systems tracts, stratigraphic trends in parasequence stacking due to autogenic mechanisms or to acceleration or deceleration in relative sea-level fluctuations are not revealed quantitatively; (iv) some association is seen between the abundance of deltaic or river-dominated parasequences and progradational stacking; (v) positive but modest correlation is observed between measures of river-system size and the dip length of shallow-marine parasequence sand bodies. The resulting insights can be applied to guide sequence stratigraphic interpretations of the rock record and the characterization of sub-seismic stratigraphic architectures of subsurface successions.     

Stratigraphic hierarchy and three-dimensional evolution of an exhumed submarine slope channel system

Submarine slope channel systems have complicated three-dimensional geometries and facies distributions, which are challenging to resolve using subsurface data. Outcrop analogues can provide sub-seismic-scale detail, although most exhumed systems only afford two-dimensional constraints on the depositional architecture. A rare example of an accessible fine-grained slope channel complex set situated in a tectonically quiescent basin that offers seismic-scale, down-dip and across-strike exposures is the Klein Hangklip area, Tanqua-Karoo Basin, South Africa. This study investigates the three-dimensional architecture of this channel complex set to characterise the stratigraphic evolution of a submarine channel-fill and the implications this has for both sediment transport to the deep-oceans and reservoir quality distribution. Correlated sedimentary logs and mapping of key surfaces across a 3 km² area reveal that: (i) the oldest channel elements in channel complexes infill relatively deep channel cuts and have low aspect-ratios. Later channel elements are bound by comparatively flat erosion surfaces and have high aspect-ratios; (ii) facies changes across depositional strike are consistent and predictable; conversely, facies change in successive down depositional dip positions indicating longitudinal variability in depositional processes; (iii) stratigraphic architecture is consistent and predictable at seismic-scale both down-dip and across-strike in three-dimensions; (iv) channel-base-deposits exhibit spatial heterogeneity on one to hundreds of metres length-scales, which can inhibit accurate recognition and interpretations drawn from one-dimensional or limited two-dimensional datasets; and (v) channel-base-deposit character is linked to sediment bypass magnitude and longevity, which suggests that time-partitioning is biased towards conduit excavation and maintenance rather than the fill-phase. The data provide insights into the stratigraphic evolution and architecture of slope channel-fills on fine-grained continental margins and can be utilised to improve predictions derived from lower resolution and one-dimensional well data.     

Design of service-oriented architecture for spatial data integration and its application in building web-based GIS systems

In this paper we propose a service-oriented architecture for spatial data integration (SOA-SDI) in the context of a large number of available spatial data sources that are physically sitting at different places, and develop web-based GIS systems based on SOA-SDI, allowing client applications to pull in, analyze and present spatial data from those available spatial data sources. The proposed architecture logically includes 4 layers or components; they are layer of multiple data provider services, layer of da...