基于力链的岩石单齿截割特性研究及截割力预测

截齿是煤矿采掘机械上截割工作的主要承载对象,其与工作面的截割力预测对减小截齿磨损十分重要。利用颗粒流仿真软件PFC2D将被截割岩石作为颗粒物质进行单齿截割模拟仿真,通过研究截割时颗粒间力链的特性探讨了单齿截割岩石时接触状态对截割力的影响。利用单齿截割岩石试验台进行了截割力试验,获得了截割法向力和切向力随截割参数的变化规律及掉落碎片的特征。研究结果表明,单齿截割岩石颗粒物质的力链数目与力链长度的关系符合单轴压缩试验结果,能够采用离散元的方法对截齿截割状态进行模拟。力链网络沿着点接触方向扩散并延长,力链方向与截割角度有关,平均法向力方向呈“花生”状,切向力方向呈“花瓣”状。力链数目随截割角度的减小和截割深度的增加而减少,力链长度随截割距离的增加而增加,最大平均长度为8个颗粒尺寸。当截割角度较大时,较为容易形成力链。单齿截割天然砂岩法向力和切向力随截割角度的增加和截割深度的减小而减小。截割碎片尺寸与截割切向力线性拟合度为0.87。基于力链长度的截割力预测模型相比Evans预测模型法向力精度提高了17.6%,切向力精度提高了16.9%。研究结果能够为截齿和采掘机械截割系统的设计以及截割工艺的优化奠定一定的研究基础。     

Forty‐Nine Major and Trace Element Concentrations Measured in Soil Reference Materials NIST SRM 2586, 2587, 2709a, 2710a and 2711a Using ICP‐MS and Wavelength Dispersive‐XRF

Excellent agreement was noted in the concentration of major and trace elements in five NIST (National Institute for Science and Technology) soil reference materials (NIST SRM 2586, 2587, 2709a, 2710a and 2711a) between measurement results from wavelength dispersive‐XRF and ICP‐MS from two independent laboratories, and NIST certificate of analysis and literature data. We describe the variability in concentrations of up to forty‐nine elements (plus loss on ignition) and provide values for up to twenty‐one elements previously uncharacterised by NIST in these soil RMs. The additional characterisation provided in this investigation can be utilised to reduce the measurement bias of custom calibration routines and improve the quality of control checks developed using these NIST RMs.     

Assessment of Dissolution of Silicate Rock Reference Materials with Ammonium Bifluoride and Nitric Acid in a Microwave Oven

The complete dissolution of representative test portions of powdered rock samples for the determination of the mass fractions of trace elements by ICP‐MS relies either on aggressive and time‐consuming acid digestions or fusion/sintering with appropriate fluxes. Here, we evaluate a microwave oven dissolution method that employs a solution of NH₄HF₂ and HNO₃. The entire procedure occurs in a closed vessel system and takes up to 4 h. In hundreds of digestions, the precipitation of fluorides was never observed. Replicate decomposition of 100 mg of twenty‐one international reference materials (RMs) of igneous rocks, and also one of a shale presented mostly satisfactory recoveries of forty‐one trace elements. Important exceptions were Zr and Hf in G‐2 and GSP‐2 (mean recoveries of ca. 70%), although for four other felsic rock RMs, the digestion was complete. For ultramafic rock RMs, we present Cr results that indicate quantitative dissolution of Cr‐bearing phases. We discuss the findings and conclude that advances in sample preparation of geological materials for instrumental analysis would benefit from a better understanding of how specific characteristics, such as composition and crystallinity of certain minerals, may affect their reactivity.     

Modeling the interaction between fluid flow and particle movement with discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method

Coupled hydro‐mechanical processes in granular media represent the interaction between solid particles movement and fluid flow during external and/or internal loading. The processes attract attention in geotechnical engineering since they cause many disasters such as landslide, slope collapse, boiling/quicksand and soil liquefaction, etc. This study presents a numerical method combining discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) for mechanical calculation and finite element method for fluid flow simulation to model the interaction between solid particles' movement and fluid flow from microscopic point of view. The term of hydraulic pressure was newly formulated and introduced to the original DDA. The simplified examples are given to verify the new method, and the computational results correlate well with the theoretical calculations, further development is also considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of Iron Speciation Reference Materials for Palaeoredox Analysis

The development and application of geochemical techniques to identify redox conditions in modern and ancient aquatic environments has intensified over recent years. Iron (Fe) speciation has emerged as one of the most widely used procedures to distinguish different redox regimes in both the water column and sediments, and is the main technique used to identify oxic, ferruginous (anoxic, Fe(II) containing) and euxinic (anoxic, sulfidic) water column conditions. However, an international sediment reference material has never been developed. This has led to concern over the consistency of results published by the many laboratories that now utilise the technique. Here, we report an interlaboratory comparison of four Fe speciation reference materials for palaeoredox analysis, which span a range of compositions and reflect deposition under different redox conditions. We provide an update of extraction techniques used in Fe speciation and assess the effects of both test portion mass, and the use of different analytical procedures, on the quantification of different Fe fractions in sedimentary rocks. While atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry produced comparable Fe measurements for all extraction stages, the use of ferrozine consistently underestimated Fe in the extraction step targeting mixed ferrous–ferric minerals such as magnetite. We therefore suggest that the use of ferrozine is discontinued for this Fe pool. Finally, we report the combined data of four independent Fe speciation laboratories to characterise the Fe speciation composition of the reference materials. These reference materials are available to the community to provide an essential validation of in‐house Fe speciation measurements.     

四川省沐川县西部地区土壤硒含量特征及影响因素

硒是人体和动物必需的微量有益元素,摄入适量硒是提高人群生活质量的重要标志。食用富硒农产品是缺硒地区人体获取和补充硒元素的重要途径。调查土壤硒的含量特征、圈定富硒土壤资源分布区、查明土壤硒迁移富集的影响因素,是高效利用富硒土壤资源和科学开发富硒农产品的重要依据。本文选择四川省沐川县西部地区采集土壤样品,采用原子荧光光谱法、X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法等方法测定土壤中Se、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、OrgC、Cd等元素含量和pH值,利用统计学及相关分析等方法研究了土壤硒等元素含量和分布特征,并对土壤硒含量的主要影响因素进行探讨。结果表明：①研究区表层土壤硒含量范围为0.08~1.30mg/kg,平均含量为0.39±0.15mg/kg,满足富硒土壤条件的土壤面积为112km²,占研究区总面积的52%,其中无公害富硒土壤面积为35km²。土壤Cd含量是造成富硒土壤和无公害富硒土壤面积具有较大差异性的主要因素。②地质背景与土壤硒含量密切相关,富硒土壤主要受含碳酸盐岩及夹碳质地层的砂岩、粉砂岩等地层控制,土壤硒来源稳定;③土壤硒含量随pH值、风化程度的降低而升高,随有机质、TFe₂O₃、S含量的升高而升高,其中有机质对土壤硒的影响显著大于TFe₂O₃,表明该区域铁氧化物对硒的吸附能力低于有机质。综上所述,研究区富硒土壤资源丰富,建议当地充分利用相关资源开发富硒农产品,同时应注重有机肥的平衡施肥,并进一步加强土壤-作物系统中硒迁移富集影响因素的协同分析。     

Repeated load tests on geosynthetic reinforced unpaved road sections

This paper presents the experimental results from laboratory repeated plate load tests on unreinforced and reinforced model sections of unpaved road constructed in a steel test tank. Different types of geosynthetics, namely, geotextile, two types of biaxial geogrids and geocells were used to reinforce the road sections in different tests. The effect of type and form of reinforcement on the stress-strain hysteresis of unpaved road sections is discussed in the light of experimental results. Model tests were also conducted with varying heights and positions of geocell layer to study the effect of these parameters on deformations and surface profiles. It was observed that at higher settlements, the reinforced systems developed less permanent settlements and more elastic settlements compared to unreinforced systems. Increasing the height of the geocell layer resulted in improved performance up to a certain height, beyond which, further increase in the height reduced the load resistance because of the inadequate granular overlay thickness.     

贵州老万场金矿成矿物质来源的研究

硅酸盐成分研究表明老万场红土化过程经历了粘土化、铝土矿化、铁化三种化学风化作用;风化中化学蚀变较强，K2O、Na2O、CaO相对于Al2O3的淋失量很高。在红土剖面上成矿元素的含量变化很大。相关性分析表明，红土化过程中，Au、As的富集与脱硅富铝化程度关系不大，而与铁的富集有明显的关系；Au、As的富集与相对还原的环境有关，而Sb则在相对氧化的环境中易于聚集。可能反映了红土剖面中潜水面下部附近相对还原的环境Au、As易于富集。大厂层样品和老万场红土剖面样品在成矿元素(Au、As、Sb)含量、稀土元素含量、轻重稀土比值、配分曲线上以及微量元素特征包括大离子亲石元素、不相容元素上的较大差异，显示了红土层的发育与大厂层岩石有较大的差别，暗示它们物质来源上的一定差异性。     

A new approach for calculating strain for particulate media

Discrete element modelling is a viable alternative to conventional continuum‐based analysis for analysing problems involving localized deformations of particulate media. However, to aid in the interpretation of the results, it is useful to express the results of discrete element analyses in terms of the continuum parameters of stress and strain. A number of homogenization methods have been proposed to calculate strain in discrete systems; however, two significant limitations of these methods remain. First, none of these methods incorporate particle rotation effects satisfactorily, although significant particle rotation occurs in shear bands in both physical tests and numerical simulations of granular materials. Additionally, observations of the particle displacement fields in shear bands in granular materials indicate that the displacements within the localizations are erratic. Consequently, existing linear, local interpolation approaches produce substantial variations in the strain values calculated in adjacent elements in the region of localization, hindering clear visualization of the strain localization as it evolves. A new method of domain discretization for calculating strain is proposed. This method is capable of capturing particle rotation and employs a non‐local meshfree interpolation procedure capable of smoothing the erratic displacements in strain localizations, which better defines their evolution. The proposed method is validated for problems involving both two and three dimensions. A number of methods are compared with the proposed method and pertinent insights are made. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.